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This research aimed to develop health module related to nutrition through mobile phone and to access it effectiveness among mother, infant and children (0-2 years old) to prevent stunting in Kelantan, Malaysia. Besides, to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention in reducing stress among pregnant and lactating women. The mobile health (mHealth) messaging interventions will be delivered via a mobile app known as WhatsApp and by a phone call. There will be a total of 50 messages for 6 months of intervention in which 2 messages will be delivered per week (every Tuesday & Thursday). The understanding of information will be evaluated 2 times per month by a phone call. The type of messages that will be used are text messages, voice messages, video/graphic messages, and voice calls. The assessment using a brief questionnaire and anthropometry measurement will be conducted during first and at the end of the intervention. The effectiveness and perceptions as well as experiences of mobile health intervention will also be assessed.
Full description
A) Research Objectives
General Objective
To evaluate the effectiveness of mobile health intervention program and to explore the perceptions and experiences of mobile health intervention among mothers to prevent stunting among infant and young children in Kelantan, Malaysia
Specific Objectives
Phase 1 - Development of a mobile health education package to prevent stunting among maternal, infant and young children
To develop the mobile health education package for pregnant women, lactating mothers and mothers of young children in preventing stunting among children
Phase 2 - Evaluation of the effectiveness of mobile health intervention program to prevent stunting
To compare the changes in anthropometric measurement and dietary intake after 6 months of intervention among pregnant women, lactating mothers, infants and children in Kelantan
To compare the changes in knowledge, attitude and practice of breastfeeding after 6 months of intervention among lactating mothers
Phase 3 - Qualitative study
To explore the perceptions and experiences of mobile health intervention among lactating mothers and their husband
B) Study Location
This study will be conducted in selected 6 districts in Kelantan, Malaysia which are Jeli, Gua Musang, Kuala Krai, Tanah Merah, Pasir Mas and Kota Bharu
C) Sample Size
Sample size for each study group (pregnant women, lactating mothers and children) were calculated by using G-power software.
Total sample size for each group = 150 subjects After including 15% of dropout compensation, the final total sample size calculated for each group of this study = 172 subjects Thus, the total sample size for each arm (intervention and control groups) for each group of study = 86 subjects
For face-to-face interview, subjects will be recruited until saturation is achieved. An estimated 20-30 subjects will be recruited in this study (Mason, 2010). The face-to-face interview will be audio recorded.
D) Population and Sampling Method
This study will involve antenatal mothers with husband, lactating mothers with infant and husband, and children's with mother that will be selected by using multistage sampling method
E) Research Tools
Questionnaire
Nutrient intake questionnaire i. 3-days 24-hour diet recall
Validated mental health questionnaire i. Depression, anxiety and stress scale
Validated knowledge, attitude and practice on breastfeeding and infant and young child feeding questionnaire
Programme satisfaction questionnaire
F) Anthropometric measurement instrument:
G) mHealth Intervention Package
All the messages will be created in Malay language based on the books, booklets, topics and modules that have been developed by World Health Organization (WHO) 2012 and UNICEF 2012, and also have widely and officially used by Ministry of Health Malaysia to educate their patients. Basically, the source of messages that will be created and use are from:
H) mHealth Mode of Intervention
Intervention will be conducted by using a mobile phone. Thus, a "call centre" for this mobile health intervention program will be set up in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Health Campus. All the information about breastfeeding, infant and young child feeding, bottle handling and bottle feeding, formula milk preparation, hand washing and nutrition intake will be disseminate through a mobile apps known as WhatsApp and by a phone call. There will be a total of 50 messages for 6 months of intervention which are 2 messages per week (every Tuesday & Thursday). The understanding of information will be evaluate 2 times per month by a phone call. The type of messages that will be used are:
A child growth chart (height) also will be give to respondents with infants and children.
I) Data Collection Procedure
Data collection will be conducted at selected districts and health clinics after obtaining approval from USM Research Ethics Committee and Medical Research and Ethics Committee, Ministry of Health Malaysia. This intervention study will be conducted over 6 months. All of the subjects who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria will be recruited from the health clinics and will be referred to the call center of this study by a trained nutritionist. The purpose of the study and the randomization process will be explained to the subjects by a nutritionist during subjects recruitment.
All subjects (wife and husband only) will sign the informed consent form and parents permission form (for infant and children). The baseline and after 6 months of intervention data will be collected by a researcher and research assisstants of this study while a face-to-face interview will be collected by a researcher. Thus, this research will involve several procedures for mother, children and husband/father.
Mother:
Each mother will involve in anthropometric measurement (including body weight, height/length, body composition) and have to answer the questionnaire during the first and at the end of the intervention sessions.The questionnaire consist of sosio-demography, sosio-economy, medical history, belief toward food intake, food security, nutrient intake, mental health, knowledge, attitude and practice of breastfeeding and infant nutrition and children, and satisfaction of the programme. The estimate time taken to complete the questionnaire is 30 minutes.
For each mother selected in group 2, additional health related information will be provided periodically through mobile phone for 6 months. Health education information also will be given conventionally at health clinic. Whereas mother in group 1 will receive health education information conventionally at health clinic for 6 months. The subjects will be randomly assigned. The selected subject will also be interviewed at the end of the study.
Children:
All children involved will undergo anthropometric measurements (body weight, length, body composition) during the first and at the end of intervention.
Husband/Father:
For husband/father whom their spouse are selected in group 2, additional health related information will be provided periodically through mobile phone for 6 months. Health education information also will be given conventionally at health clinic. Whereas husband/father whom their spouse are selected in group 1 will receive health education information conventionally at health clinic for 6 months. A few husband/father whom their spouse selected to be interviewed also will be interviewed at the end of intervention.
Each interview will take about 40 to 60 minutes to complete.
Group 1 - Control group; Group 2 - Intervention group
Enrollment
Sex
Ages
Volunteers
Inclusion criteria
Pregnant women + husband
Lactation mother + infant + husband
Children + mother + father
Exclusion criteria
Pregnant women + husband
Lactation mother + infant + husband
Children + mother + father
Primary purpose
Allocation
Interventional model
Masking
516 participants in 2 patient groups
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Central trial contact
Hamid Jan Jan Mohamed; Norshafawati Abd Azimi
Data sourced from clinicaltrials.gov
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