Cluster Randomized Trial of Knowledge Brokering to Integrate Mood and Smoking Cessation in Ontario Primary Care

Center for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH)

Status: Completed

Conditions: Depression

Treatments: Behavioral: Remote Knowledge Broker (rKB); Behavioral: Emails

Study type: Interventional

Funder types: Other

Identifiers

NCT03130998

065-2016

Details and patient eligibility

About

Compared to smokers who are not depressed, smokers with depression who try to quit smoking are 10% less likely to succeed when given standard treatment. A simple program with a detailed handout on relaxation exercises and a journal to record mood and urges to smoke when trying to quit has been shown to increase quit success in depressed smokers by 12 to 20%. However, it remains unclear how to best implement this knowledge into primary care settings.

Through this study, the investigators will seek to answer the following questions:

• Does a knowledge broker communicating via generic email reminders engage clinicians to provide patients resources for mood management more or less frequently than via interactive technology (eKB)?
• Which Knowledge Translation (KT) strategy used to change clinicians' behavior (emails vs. eKB) has the greatest effect on smoking quit rates in depressed smokers?
• What is the incremental cost effectiveness of the two KT strategies?

Full description

Given the cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation programs, the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health implemented the STOP program in 147 Family Health Teams (FHTs) treating 47,888 smokers with nicotine replacement therapy and counselling. Following the knowledge to action framework every FHT in STOP uses a web portal with an integrated decision aid, data collection, and feedback tool. Though STOP data finds lower quit rates among smokers with depression, it currently does not offer specialized clinical pathways for depressed smokers.

Both smoking and depression are major public health problems with high morbidity and mortality. Individuals with depression are almost twice as likely to be smokers, have lower long-term smoking abstinence (OR=0.81, 95% CI=0.67-0.97), and experience greater addiction severity and negative mood when quitting smoking. In the STOP Program, 38% of smokers have current or past depression; their 6-month quit rates are significantly lower than participants without depression (33% vs. 40%, p<0.001). This has led FHT-STOP practitioners to express the need for specialized clinical pathways for depressed smokers.

Self-help mood management (relaxation exercises and mood monitoring) integrated with smoking cessation treatment increases long-term quit rates by 12 to 20%. More research is needed to test the effectiveness of an integrated care pathway (ICP) for depression as part of cessation treatment. It is unclear which KT strategy would be more effective in engaging clinicians and driving behavior change. A randomized controlled trial in Public Health Units (PHUs) found no difference in health care provider behavior when prompted by a knowledge broker, emails or websites. However , similar to other studies, it showed the need to match organizational research culture to KT strategy; emails worked better in PHUs with a strong research culture, while KBs seemed more suitable in PHUs where research culture was low. Given that FHTs range anywhere from academic- to community-based research cultures, it is unclear which KT strategy will be most effective.

CAMH's existing Smoking Treatment for Ontario Patients (STOP) program works in partnership with 80% of eligible Family Health Teams (FHTs) in Ontario and has treated 47,888 smokers with free nicotine replacement and counselling since July 2011. Based on data already collected in the STOP Program, the STOP portal (an online data management and collection tool used by all STOP practitioners to complete participant enrollment and record smoking status at each visit), will flag smokers with current or past depressive symptoms. FHTs will be randomly allocated 1:1 to receive messages regarding depression and smoking exclusively via email (Group A) or via an eKB who will develop a one-on-one relationship with clinicians through frequent phone calls, web conferencing, and emails (Group B). The investigators will compare which method is more effective in changing clinician behavior by recording the number of times resources are provided to eligible patients. Investigators will also compare the smoking quit rates of patients from the two groups at 6-month follow-up and ask clinicians and patients what they liked and disliked about the program.

Enrollment: 2,765 patients

Sex: All

Volunteers: No Healthy Volunteers

Inclusion criteria

• Must be Family Health Team (FHT) participating in the Smoking Treatment for Ontario Patients (STOP) program
• FHT must use online portal to complete STOP questionnaires, in English, in real-time with patient

Exclusion criteria

• Non-FHTs participating in STOP program
• Clinics who conduct STOP questionnaires exclusively on paper, or in French, or not in real-time with patient

Trial design

Primary purpose: Treatment

Allocation: Randomized

Interventional model: Parallel Assignment

Masking: Single Blind

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2,765 participants in 2 patient groups

Control - Group A

Active Comparator group

Description:

When a patient is screened as showing depressive symptoms, the practitioner will be prompted to intervene and refer that patient to treatment. The practitioner will receive knowledge broker support to carry out these actions in the form of one email per month for one year. The first email will provide an electronic copy of a Cochrane review (describing the link between smoking and mood) and a short description of the integration of a depression ICP in the STOP portal. The STOP YouTube channel with detailed instructions on how to use the revised portal will be made available. Subsequent communications will be based on general needs identified at baseline and content discussed in the STOP Community of Practice (teleconferences, online forum between STOP practitioners).

Treatment:

Behavioral: Emails

Intervention - Group B

Experimental group

Description:

When a patient is screened as showing depressive symptoms, the practitioner will be prompted to intervene and refer that patient to treatment. The practitioner will receive individualized support through a remote knowledge broker (rKB) communicating via interactive technology. The rKB will be certified in tobacco cessation counseling through CAMH's TEACH program and will have completed a specialty course on tobacco addiction treatment in those with mental illness. The rKB will have access to the CAMH network of KBs (e.g. Evidence Exchange Network ) for guidance and support, as this has been shown to be important for KB success.

Treatment:

Behavioral: Remote Knowledge Broker (rKB)