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The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if the combination between transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and isometric exercise (IE) can improve blood pressure in men and women between 50 to 60 years old suffered from resistant hypertension which is a type of hypertension where blood pressure remains above your target goal despite the use of three or more different classes of antihypertensive medications at their maximum tolerated doses. The main question to answer is:
Is there a significant effect on the combined use of TENS and IE on peripheral hemodynamic parameters in patients with resistant hypertension? Total sample will be 50 patients from both sexes
I will compare between two groups:
Experimental group (15 men, 10 women) will take: medication plus IE and TENS Control group (15 men, 10 women) will take: medication plus Conventional Physical Therapy Program
Full description
Experimental group TENS protocol It will be used to stimulate the cervicothoracic sympathetic outflow (C7-T4), which contributes to the modulation of sympathetic activity, a key factor in the pathophysiology and management of resistant hypertension (RH) Electrode placements: bilaterally over the Paraspinal muscles at the T1-T5 levels (upper thoracic region), targeting sympathetic outflow to the cardiovascular system.
-Frequency: 2-10 Hz (low frequency stimulation)
-Pulse duration: 200 microseconds
-Intensity: strong but comfortable tingling sensations, below motor threshold (typically between 10-20mA)
-Session duration: 30 minutes per session
-Session frequency: 3 times per week
-Total intervention duration: 8 weeks IE protocol Handgrip Dynamometer: It will be used for isometric exercise training. The majority of IET research has utilized a handgrip (dynamometer) protocol, generally performed at 30% of the participant's maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)
-Hand grip dynamometer.
-30% of the participants' maximal voluntary contraction (MVC).
-Duration per trial: 2 minutes.
-Number of trials per session: 4 repetitions
-Rest interval between trials: 1 minute
-Session frequency: 3 sessions per week
-Total session duration: 14 minutes
Control group Conventional physical therapy programs
Setting and Monitoring sessions will be conducted in a climate-controlled, flat-surface indoor corridor. To ensure the accuracy of the prescribed intensity, participants will be equipped with a digital heart rate monitor (pulse oximeter) and a stopwatch. Baseline hemodynamic parameters, including resting blood pressure and heart rate, will be recorded before each session to ensure patient stability.
Brisk Walking Protocol The intervention will be performed three times per week for eight consecutive weeks. Each session is structured into three distinct phases (Lopes et al., 2021).
Warm-up Phase (5 minutes): Participants will engage in low-intensity walking at a self-selected pace, integrated with dynamic mobilization exercises for the lower limbs to enhance neuromuscular readiness.
Conditioning Phase (20-30 minutes): Participants will perform brisk walking at moderate intensity. This intensity is defined as 50% to 70% of the age-predicted maximum heart rate (220 - age). According to recent consensus, this level of exertion corresponds to a score of 11 to 13 on the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale.
Cool-down Phase (5 minutes): The session will conclude with gradual deceleration and static stretching of the major muscle groups (quadriceps, hamstrings, and gastrocnemius) to facilitate the gradual return of heart rate to baseline and prevent post-exercise syncope.
- Dynamic resistance exercise (weight training): Patients in the control group will undergo a standardized, supervised Dynamic Resistance Training (DRT) program. This protocol is designed based on the AHA/ACSM guidelines for hypertensive patients, focusing on large muscle groups with minimal equipment to ensure safety and clinical reproducibility.
1. Exercise Parameters (FITT Principle) Frequency: 3 sessions per week on non-consecutive days. Intensity: Moderate intensity, defined as 40%-50% of 1-Repetition Maximum (1-RM) or a Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) of 11-13 on the Borg Scale (Fairly Light to Somewhat Hard).
Time: Approximately 30-40 minutes per session. 2. Exercise Selection
The circuit consists of simple, functional movements to improve peripheral vascular conductance:
Lower Body: Partial Squats (using a chair for support) and Calf Raises. Upper Body: Dumbbell Chest Press (supine) and Bicep Curls. Core: Pelvic Tilts (supine) to avoid intra-abdominal pressure spikes. 3. Structure of the Session Warm-up: 5 minutes of low-intensity walking or active range of motion exercises.
Conditioning Phase: 2-3 sets of 10-12 repetitions for each exercise. Rest Periods: A mandatory 90-second rest between sets to prevent cumulative blood pressure elevation.
Breathing Technique: Patients are strictly instructed to use rhythmic breathing (exhale during exertion) to avoid the Valsalva maneuver.
Cool-down: 5 minutes of static stretching and deep breathing exercises. -Stretching exercise A standardized static stretching program will be implemented. This protocol follows the ACSM guidelines to improve the range of motion and facilitate a reduction in systemic vascular resistance.
1. Stretching Parameters Type: Static stretching (passive and active-assisted). Frequency: 3 days per week (integrated at the end of each exercise session). Intensity: Stretch to the point of "mild discomfort" or "feeling of tightness," but not pain.
Duration: Each stretch is held for 30 seconds. Volume: 2 repetitions for each muscle group. 2. Muscle Groups Targeted
The focus is on large muscle groups to maximize the effect on peripheral blood flow:
Lower Body:
Hamstrings: Seated toe touch or supine hamstring stretch. Gastrocnemius (Calf): Wall-supported calf stretch. Quadriceps: Standing or side-lying quad stretch.
Upper Body:
Pectoralis: Doorway chest stretch (to improve thoracic expansion). Upper Trapezius: Gentle neck lateral flexion. Triceps: Overhead triceps stretch. - Breathing Exercise This protocol is designed to be performed at the beginning or end of each session to promote systemic vasodilation.
Technique: Diaphragmatic Breathing (Paced Breathing) Position: Patients are placed in a comfortable supine position with knees slightly bent or seated in a supportive chair.
Procedure:
The patient places one hand on the upper chest and the other on the abdomen (just below the rib cage).
Inhalation: Breathe slowly through the nose for 4 seconds, ensuring the abdomen rises while the chest remains relatively still.
Exhalation: Breathe out slowly through pursed lips for 6 seconds. Breathing Rate: Aim for 6 breaths per minute (this frequency is specifically shown to optimize baroreflex sensitivity).
Parameters Frequency: 3 sessions per week (integrated into the physical therapy program). Duration: 10-15 minutes per session. Intensity: Effortless and relaxed; the patient should not feel short of breath or strained.
Clinical Monitoring The physical therapist monitors the patient for any signs of dizziness or hyperventilation.
Emphasis is placed on the prolonged exhalation phase, which triggers the relaxation response and reduces peripheral vascular resistance.
-General Advice for Both Groups: Minimize sedentary behavior Maintain a healthy weight
Nutritional advice like:
Eat at least 5 portions of fruit and vegetables Eat more lean protein e.g. Fish and nuts Eat less salt <5g or 1tsp Eat 25-29 g of fiber Limit alcohol Drink 2-3 cups of coffee and/or tea (unsweetened)
Others:
Sleep: 7-9h/day Reduce stress: practice meditation or yoga 30 min per day Listen to music at least 25 min, 3 times per week Stop smoking Limit pollutions exposure Use digital wearables/apps to track movement
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Inclusion criteria
Patients had resistant hypertension according to (Whelton et al 2018), defined as:
Body Mass Index (BMI) 25: 34.9 kg/m²
Increased waist circumference, defined as:
Exclusion criteria
Implanted electronic devices: pacemakers, cardioverter defibrillators. Uncontrolled arrhythmias. Sever skin condition: open wounds, rashes, burns, eczema. Peripheral neuropathy or sensory loss.
-Known cognitive impairment or psychiatric conditions that would limit the ability to follow instructions or provide informed consent.
Primary purpose
Allocation
Interventional model
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50 participants in 2 patient groups
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Central trial contact
Mohamed Mohamed Morgan, Bachelor of Physical Therapy
Data sourced from clinicaltrials.gov
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