Effect of Topical Airway Block on Hemodynamic Stability Post Induction of Anaesthesia in Cardiac Surgeries (hemodynamics)

Ain Shams University

Status and phase: Completed; Phase 4

Conditions: Cardiac Surgery

Treatments: Drug: Fentanyl; Drug: Lidocain

Study type: Interventional

Funder types: Other

Identifiers

NCT06395727

FMASU R57/2024

Details and patient eligibility

About

Opioids have always been the mainstay in management of patients during cardiac surgeries. Mega doses are often used to relieve stress of surgeries in highly labile patients with narrow hemodynamic threshold to keep the balance between oxygen demand and supply. Unfortunately, this is associated with hemodynamic instability and affect the fast-track pathway for extubation. Most of these doses are given in induction, so by blocking airway by non-invasive technique, this will help in the reduction in opioid doses and preventing risky hemodynamic instability during induction of anesthesia in these patients.

Full description

Efficient handling of cardiac patients in cardiac surgeries is not an easy task. Patients are labile and more liable than others to hemodynamic changes in response to anaesthetic drugs and unfortunately, these changes are not well tolerated. (Choudhury A et al., 2017)

Any Hemodynamic change can have a great impact on the oxygen delivery - demand balance and lead to more damage. Every step is critical, but induction is the most challenging representing the peak of the dynamicity. Any change could happen, either tachycardia, hypertension, or arrhythmia in response to intubation or hypotension after induction or during period of minimal stimulus. (Soleimani A et al., 2017)

Although the concept of opioid based anaesthesia was the gold standard in cardiac surgeries for decades as opioids lack the negative inotropic effects, their usage was shifted from the mega doses of long acting opioids to titrating doses of short acting ones as fentanyl that became the primary in use.(Grant MC et al., 2023) Trying to control stress response to intubation by higher doses of opioids increase the liability for post induction hypotension which occurs in nearly one fourth to one third of patients receiving general anaesthesia. (Chen B et al., 2021)

The stress response to intubation could be inhibited by blocking the sensory pathway and hence the reflex response. Targeting the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) that innervate the base of the tongue, epiglottis, piriform fossa, and vallecula together with trans tracheal topical anaesthesia will reduce the stress response to intubation. Fortunately, it's not essential to master anatomical landmarks and invasive techniques to block the sensory pathway as gradual topical spraying of local anaesthesia over the airway mucosal surfaces will lead to nearly equivalent effect in a simpler way. (Pignot G et al., 2022)

Lidocaine is one of the most commonly used local anaesthetics. It is generally safe and available in multiple dosage forms (topical, I.V., nebulizer and spray) and concentrations. It has been widely used for several indications in general anaesthesia starting from just cough suppression and reduction of sore throat to modulation of the stress response to intubation. (Mikawa K et al., 1997) Using lidocaine either topical or by nebulizer is a well-established method to anesthetise airway and can be used safely in cardiac surgeries. (Choudhury A et al., 2017) Also, lidocaine topical airway block showed significant effect on reducing QT changes in patients undergoing cardiac surgeries if applied before intubation. (Bilgi M et al.,2020)

Therefore, authors have hypothesised that air way block may help in reducing the doses of opioids needed to control the stress response of intubation and hence to better management of patient. This can be simply done by topical airway block with non-invasive techniques that are both safe and applicable for practice.

Enrollment: 106 patients

Sex: All

Ages: 18+ years old

Volunteers: No Healthy Volunteers

Inclusion criteria

• • Undergoing elective cardiac surgery.

  • Age: above 18

Exclusion criteria

• • Pregnant or breast-feeding women

  • Emergency surgery
  • Anticipated difficult airway
  • Allergy to any of the drugs used in the study
  • Cannot cooperate to complete topical anaesthesia (with mental disorders or unable to communicate)
  • Use of a left ventricular assist device, IAB or ECMO prior to surgery
  • Presence of aortic dissection
  • EF<40 %
  • Severe mitral valve stenosis or severe aortic valve stenosis

Trial design

Primary purpose: Prevention

Allocation: Randomized

Interventional model: Parallel Assignment

Masking: Single Blind

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106 participants in 2 patient groups

• Traditional balanced anaesthesia (control group)

Experimental group

Description:

Analgesia will be offered by fentanyl 3-5 mic/kg in induction

Treatment:

Drug: Fentanyl

• Airway topical anaesthesia

Experimental group

Description:

Patient will be given lidocaine nebulizer (5 ml of lidocaine 2% with oxygen flow 8 l/m) after radial arterial catheter insertion that will be complemented by topical application of lidocaine spray 10 % not to exceed 200mg per dose on mouth with encouraging to move it in mouth then gargling with it before swallowing targeting reaching difficult swallowing.

Treatment:

Drug: Lidocain