Effects of Gum Chewing on Appetite and Digestion

Purdue University

Status: Completed

Conditions: The Null Hypothesis is That Food Rheology Will Have no Effect on These Indices; It is Hypothesized That the Effects of Mastication Will be Less Evident in Obese Compared to Lean Individuals; The Alternate Hypothesis is That Increased Mechanical Stimulation Will Result in Stronger Satiation/Satiety and Reduced Energy Intake

Treatments: Other: firm gum; Other: no gum; Other: soft gum

Study type: Interventional

Funder types: Other; NIH

Identifiers

NCT01070212

R01DK079913 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)

R01DK079913-2

0911008653 (Other Identifier)

Details and patient eligibility

About

One obvious property difference between energy-yielding beverages and solid foods is the oral mechanical processing required to prepare the two food forms for swallowing. Considerable human data are consistent with a contribution of mechanical stimulation to appetite suppression. However, no study has isolated this property and assessed its influence on ingestive behavior in humans. This is the aim of the present study. The null hypothesis is that food rheology will have no effect on these indices. The alternate hypothesis is that increased mechanical stimulation will result in stronger satiation/satiety and reduced energy intake. Further, it is hypothesized that the effects of mastication will be less evident in obese compared to lean individuals.

Enrollment: 60 patients

Sex: All

Ages: 18 to 50 years old

Volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Inclusion criteria

• body mass index 18 -25 or 30-35 kg/ m2 good health not initiating or terminating the use of medications reported to affect appetite or body weight during the proposed study period stable activity level (no deviation > 1X/wk @ 30 min/session) no eating disorder (score <20 of the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26) no allergies to test foods. not glucose intolerant or diabetic (based on fasting blood glucose between 70-99mg/dl (3.9-5.5mmol/l as recommended by the American Diabetes Association.) no history of GI pathology and self-reported consumer of breakfast and lunch.

Exclusion criteria

Trial design

Primary purpose: Basic Science

Allocation: Randomized

Interventional model: Crossover Assignment

Masking: None (Open label)

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60 participants in 3 patient groups

soft gum

Experimental group

Description:

. Participants will either chew nothing or chew one of the two gum varieties (flavorless soft or hard) at a constant rate (determined by a metronome) for 15 minutes while sipping apple juice through a straw. Appetite will be measured continuously via a slide potentiometer attached to a 100mm gLMS scale. The juice will provide 10% of the participants estimated daily energy requirement (i.e., equal to 1-2 servings of most commercial snacks). It will also contain 10g of lactulose (a soluble, non-absorbable carbohydrate used to assess gastric transit time via analyses of breath hydrogen) and acetaminophen (a marker for gastric emptying).

Treatment:

Other: soft gum

firm gum

Experimental group

Description:

. Participants will either chew nothing or chew one of the two gum varieties (flavorless soft or hard) at a constant rate (determined by a metronome) for 15 minutes while sipping apple juice through a straw. Appetite will be measured continuously via a slide potentiometer attached to a 100mm gLMS scale. The juice will provide 10% of the participants estimated daily energy requirement (i.e., equal to 1-2 servings of most commercial snacks). It will also contain 10g of lactulose (a soluble, non-absorbable carbohydrate used to assess gastric transit time via analyses of breath hydrogen) and acetaminophen (a marker for gastric emptying).

Treatment:

Other: firm gum

no gum

Experimental group

Description:

. Participants will either chew nothing or chew one of the two gum varieties (flavorless soft or hard) at a constant rate (determined by a metronome) for 15 minutes while sipping apple juice through a straw. Appetite will be measured continuously via a slide potentiometer attached to a 100mm gLMS scale. The juice will provide 10% of the participants estimated daily energy requirement (i.e., equal to 1-2 servings of most commercial snacks). It will also contain 10g of lactulose (a soluble, non-absorbable carbohydrate used to assess gastric transit time via analyses of breath hydrogen) and acetaminophen (a marker for gastric emptying).

Treatment:

Other: no gum