Efficacy and Safety of Dexmedetomidine During Non-Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation

Tufts University

Status and phase

Completed

Phase 2

Conditions

Acute Respiratory Failure

Treatments

Drug: Placebo

Drug: Dexmedetomidine

Study type

Interventional

Funder types

Other

Identifiers

NCT00871624

TuftsMedicalCenter 8533

Details and patient eligibility

About

The purpose of the study is to determine the efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine during Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) for patients with acute respiratory failure compared to standard analgesic/sedation practices

Full description

Non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV) is increasingly being used to manage patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) in an effort to avoid the numerous negative sequelae associated with intubation and mechanical ventilation. In the USA, it is estimated that 20-30% of all patients placed on mechanical ventilation are treated with NPPV. Indications for NPPV include but are not limited to acute or acute-on-chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure in immunocompromised patients or that due to chest wall deformity or neuromuscular disease. For NPPV to be successful, it is critical that the patient be cooperative and comfortable (i.e. no pain) as agitation and discomfort interfere with the success of NPPV.

Despite the importance of patient comfort during NPPV, physicians infrequently use sedation or analgesic therapy during NPPV, primarily due to concerns about the respiratory depressant effects of most of the sedatives (e.g., benzodiazepines) and analgesics (e.g., opioids) that are currently available. In addition, neither the benzodiazepines nor opioids are easily titratable, can easily accumulate and can be associated with both the development of delirium and a withdrawal effect.

Dexmedetomidine is an intravenous rapid-onset, short acting ά 2-receptor agonist that is approved for short-term sedation in post-operative and critically ill patients. It has been stated that this drug produces a state of "cooperative sedation" allowing the patient to interact with health care providers. Dexmedetomidine has been used for its ability to cause sympatholysis and, because of analgesic properties, to decrease the need for opioids. Potential advantages include its short half life and intravenous route of administration, permitting rapid titration to achieve sedation targets and, in patients with respiratory failure; it can provide both sedation and analgesia without inducing respiratory depression. Despite these advantages, it is currently used by less than 5% of pulmonologists/ intensivists as the primary sedative option during NPPV and has not been studied in a controlled fashion in this population. Therefore, dexmedetomidine may prove to be more efficacious and safe compared to standard sedation/analgesic therapy during NPPV.

Enrollment

36 patients

Sex

All

Ages

18 to 85 years old

Volunteers

No Healthy Volunteers

Inclusion criteria

Age ≥ 18 years
Acute respiratory failure requiring the initiation of NPPV
Admission to the medical ICU service at Tufts Medical Center or Winchester Hospital

Exclusion criteria

Patients with delirium (intensive care delirium screening checklist score ≥ 4) or disorientation (not oriented to person or place)
Receiving NPPV for ≥ 8 hours (includes treatment with NPPV at an outside hospital)
Intubation and mechanical ventilation in the past month based on hospital admission note
Age ≥ 85 years
Inability of the potential subject to give informed consent
Current treatment with antipsychotic agent based on hospital admission note
Heart rate ≤ 50 bpm
Systolic blood pressure ≤ 90 mmHg
History of heart block without pacemaker use or severe ventricular dysfunction (EF ≤25%) based on hospital admission note
Acute alcohol withdrawal based on hospital admission note
History of end stage liver failure (based on presence of ≥ 1 or more of the following: AST/ALT ≥ 2 times ULN, INR ≥ 2, total bilirubin ≥ 1.5
Irreversible brain disease consistent with severe dementia based on hospital admission note
Pregnancy (all women of child-bearing age will undergo a pregnancy test prior to study enrollment)
Treatment with clonidine or dexmedetomidine in the past 30 days based on hospital admission note
Known allergy or sensitivity to clonidine or dexmedetomidine