GnRH Therapy on Cognition in Down Syndrome

Nelly Pitteloud

Status and phase

Enrolling

Phase 3

Phase 2

Conditions

Olfaction Disorders

Down Syndrome

Cognitive Decline

Alzheimer Disease, Early Onset

Treatments

Drug: 0.9% NaCl

Drug: GnRH, gonadorelin acetate

Study type

Interventional

Funder types

Other

Identifiers

NCT04390646

2020-00270 (Other Identifier)

Pulse-UP

700779 (Other Identifier)

Details and patient eligibility

About

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal disorder; with the increasing life expectancy, about 80% of DS adults reach age 65 years old. Early Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of death within this population. DS individuals already show AD neuropathology by the age of 30, while it becomes clinically recognized in their late forties. DS subjects also exhibit olfaction defects in adulthood.

To date, there is no treatment available for the cognitive or olfactory defects in DS. The development of an effective treatment targeting cognitive dysfunction in DS adolescents/adults would be warranted.

GnRH, a decapeptide secreted by hypothalamic neurons is the pilot light of reproduction in all mammals. Pulsatile GnRH acts on the gonadotrophs via the GnRH receptor (GNRHR) in the pituitary gland to stimulate LH and FSH, which themselves will act on the gonads to produce gametes and steroids. However, GNRHR are also expressed in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, habenula, olfactory structures, and adrenal gland, suggesting that GnRH may have a role beyond reproduction.

Recently, GnRH has been shown to be involved in the process of ageing and lifespan control. Notably, in murine models, GnRH acts as an anti-ageing factor, independent of sex hormones. While ageing is characterized by hypothalamic inflammation and diminished neurogenesis, particularly in the hypothalamus and the hippocampus, GnRH was able to promote adult neurogenesis.

The regulation of GnRH secretion is complex and involves hormonal, neuronal input, and environmental factors.

Prévot et al. recently explored cognition within the Ts65Dn model and showed an age-dependent loss of the ability to recognize new objects. Also, these mice exhibit defects in olfaction. Given the role of GnRH in anti-aging mice model, pulsatile GnRH or continuous GnRH infusion (leading to desensitization of the GNRHR) were given to the Ts65Dn mice for two weeks. Amazingly, pulsatile but not continuous GnRH therapy was able to recover cognitive and olfaction defects.

Enrollment

56 estimated patients

Sex

All

Ages

16 to 50 years old

Volunteers

No Healthy Volunteers

Inclusion criteria

Diagnosis of trisomy 21
Verbal expression (ability to follow the procedures of the study)
Consent to a non-hormonal contraception during the whole duration of the study For women: intra-uterine device with copper, a prior tubal ligation or condoms for the partner For men: condoms or vasectomy

Exclusion criteria

Acute illness (clinical or biochemical findings suggesting acute illness/hospitalization)
Chronic alcohol abuse, illicit drug use, anabolic steroid abuse, psychotropic drugs reported by caregivers
Taking medication that modifies hormones: spironolactone, ketoconazole, anticoagulants, corticosteroids, ACTH hormone, psychotropics, including antidepressants, antipsychotics and anticonvulsants.
Known pituitary adenoma and other hormone-dependent tumours
Participation in another clinical study
Intention to become a parent during the course of the study
Females: ovarian cysts, non-hypothalamic anovulation (i.e. polycystic ovary syndrome), pregnancy or lactation
Males: hematocrit > 54%
Contraindications for MRI (e.g. pacemaker, metal clips,etc)
Participant or his/her legal representative do not want to be informed in case of incidental findings