Influence of Food Texture on Appetite Control, Gastric Emptying, and Energy Expenditure

University of Kiel

Status: Enrolling

Conditions: Nutrition; Healthy Male and Female Subjects

Treatments: Other: caloric drink + semi-solid meal; Other: non-caloric drink + semi-solid meal; Other: liquid meal; Other: semi-solid meal

Study type: Interventional

Funder types: Other

Identifiers

NCT06853249

ABW-2025-YF

Details and patient eligibility

About

The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of liquid versus semi-solid meals on the regulation of energy balance in healthy young adults.The main questions it aims to answer are:

• Does a protein-rich liquid meal result in less satiety and therefore higher ad libitum energy intake at the next meal than an isocaloric oatmeal with the same macronutrient ratio?
• Is the consumption of a protein-rich liquid meal as a beverage in addition to an ad libitum oatmeal less compensated within the meal and at the next meal and provides thus a higher ad libitum energy intake than an isovolumetric noncaloric soft drink in addition to an ad libitum oatmeal?

Researchers will compare a protein-rich liquid meal to an isocaloric oatmeal with matched macronutrient composition to answer the first question. Researchers will compare a protein-rich liquid meal + oatmeal to a noncaloric softdrink (water with sucralose and flavoring) + oatmeal to answer the second question.

Participants will:

• spend 4 intervention days in a metabolic chamber (whole room indirect calorimeter)
• consume pre-definied preloads for breakfast and ad libitum lunch meals on 4 intervention days

Enrollment: 20 estimated patients

Sex: All

Ages: 18 to 35 years old

Volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Inclusion criteria

• healthy males and females
• Body Mass Index between 19-35 kg/m2
• low to medium habitual physical activity
• women with regular menstrual cycle (during intervention in follicular phase)

Exclusion criteria

• smoking (cigarettes + cannabis)
• chronic illnesses
• regular intake of medication
• Anemia and/or iron deficiency
• food allergies / intolerances
• vegans
• regular high physical activity (exercise >1 hour/d)
• current weight loss diet / weight loss of >5 kg in the last 3 months
• restraint eaters (according to the German version of the 'Three-Factor-Eating-Questionnaire', Stunkard und Messick (1985))
• active participation in another trial
• pregnant / lactating women
• persons incapable of giving informed legal consent

Trial design

Primary purpose: Basic Science

Allocation: Randomized

Interventional model: Crossover Assignment

Masking: Single Blind

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20 participants in 2 patient groups

isocaloric preload

Experimental group

Description:

In this arm of the study, participants receive two different isocaloric preloads for breakfast, one as a liquid meal and one as oatmeal.

Treatment:

Other: semi-solid meal

Other: liquid meal

ad libitum preload

Experimental group

Description:

In this arm of the study, participants are given two different isovolumetric drinks as a preload in addition to an ad libitum oatmeal breakfast. One drink is a liquid meal, the other is a non-caloric soft drink (water, sucralose, flavour).

Treatment:

Other: non-caloric drink + semi-solid meal

Other: caloric drink + semi-solid meal