Intraoperative PEEP Optimization: Effects on Postoperative Pulmonary Complications and Inflammatory Response

Péterfy Sándor Hospital

Status: Completed

Conditions: Inflammatory Response; Pulmonary Complications

Treatments: Procedure: Optimal PEEP; Procedure: Standard PEEP

Study type: Interventional

Funder types: Other

Identifiers

NCT02931409

21586-4/2016/EKU

CO-338-045 (Other Identifier)

149/2016-SZTE (Other Identifier)

Details and patient eligibility

About

The purpose of this prospective randomized controlled trial is to determine the effects of intraoperative lung protective mechanical ventilation using an individual optimal PEEP value on postoperative pulmonary complications and inflammatory response. A total number of 40 patients undergoing open radical cystectomy and urinary diversion will be enrolled and randomized into two groups. Standard lung protective ventilation using a PEEP of 6 cmH2O will be performed in control group and an optimal PEEP value determined during a static pulmonary compliance (Cstat) directed PEEP titration procedure will be applyed in study group. Low tidal volumes (6mL/Kg IBW) and a fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) of 0.5 will be applyed in both groups. Procalcitonin kinetics will be monitored during and after surgery until the third postoperative day as well as postoperative pulmonary complications. Clinical condition and extrapulmonary complications will be evaluated by the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score and in-hospital stay, 28-days and in-hospital mortality will also be followed.

Full description

Patients undergoing general anesthesia and mechanical ventilation during major abdominal surgery commonly develop pulmonary atelectasis or even hyperdistension of the lungs can occur leading to adverse consequences either intraoperatively or postoperatively. Lung protective ventilation (LPV, PEEP = 6 cmH2O, TV = 6 mL/Kg IBW and regular recruitments) during the intraoperative period can reduce the risk of ventilator induced lung injury (VILI) and prevent the formation of pulmonary atelectasis.

In our investigator-initiated, double-center, single-blinded, prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial a total number of 40 patients with bladder cancer undergoing open radical cystectomy and urinary diversion (ileal conduit or orthotopic bladder substitute) will be enrolled and randomized into two groups. Standard lung protective mechanical ventilation with the use of 6 cmH2O of PEEP and low tidal volumes (6mL/Kg IBW), a fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) of 0.5 and a respiratory rate to maintain an end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) between 35-40 mmHg will be performed in control group, and a strategy of lung protective mechanical ventilation applying an optimal, individual PEEP determined by static pulmonary compliance (Cstat) directed PEEP titration procedure will be performed in study group.

During preoperative assessment, respiratory failure risk index (RFRI) will be recorded and informed consent will be obtained. Regarding to the protocol, a central vein catheter will be placed on the day before surgery, serum procalcitonin (PCT) level will be measured and a chest X-ray examination will be performed.

Before induction of anesthesia, an epidural catheter and an arterial canula for invasive blood pressure monitoring will be inserted. Immediately after induction of anesthesia and orotracheal intubation, all patients will be submitted to an alveolar recruitment maneuver (ARM) using the sustained airway pressure by the CPAP method, applying 30 cmH2O PEEP for 30 seconds. After ARM PEEP will be set to 6 cmH2O in the control group ("standard PEEP") and LPV will be performed. In the study group ("optimal PEEP") PEEP will be set to 14 cmH2O and a Cstat directed decremental PEEP titration procedure will be performed (every 4 minutes PEEP will be decreased by 2 cmH2O, until a final PEEP of 6 cmH2O) to determine the best individual PEEP. During surgery ARM will be repeated and arterial and central vein blood gas samples (ABGs, CVBGs) will be evaluated every 60 minutes. PCT levels will be measured 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after surgical incision.

After extubation, patients will be addmitted to the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care. ABGs and CVBGs will be collected and evaluated, PaO2/FiO2 and dCO2 will be calculated every 6 hours until 72 hours after surgery. On the first postoperative day chest X-ray will be performed and repeated on the following days if developing of pulmonary complications were suspected. Continuous epidural analgesia will be introduced, and evaluated effective if numeric pain rating scale point would be lower than 3 points.

During postoperative care continuous intraabdominal pressure (IAP) monitoring via a direct intraperitoneal catheter placed before closure of the abdominal wall will be performed to eliminate bias caused by the elevation of intraabdominal pressure.

Patients' clinical progress and secondary endpoints will be monitored by daily SOFA Scores, laboratory and physical examinations.

During follow-up period in-hospital stay, 28-days and in-hospital mortality will also be evaluated.

Enrollment: 40 patients

Sex: All

Ages: 18+ years old

Volunteers: No Healthy Volunteers

Inclusion criteria

• Patients with bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy and urinary diversion (ileal conduit or orthotopic bladder substitute)

Exclusion criteria

• Age < 18 years
• ASA grade IV
• History of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, GOLD grade III or IV)
• History of severe or uncontrolled bronchial asthma
• History of severe restrictive pulmonary disease
• Pulmonary metastases
• History of any thoracic surgery
• Need for thoracic drainage before surgery
• Renal replacement therapy prior to surgery
• Congestive heart failure (NYHA grade III or IV)
• Extreme obesity (BMI > 35 Kg/m2)
• Lack of patient's consent

Trial design

Primary purpose: Treatment

Allocation: Randomized

Interventional model: Parallel Assignment

Masking: Single Blind

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40 participants in 2 patient groups

Optimal PEEP

Experimental group

Description:

Patients submitted to general anesthesia and open radical cystectomy and urinary diversion (20 subjects) will be submitted an alveolar recruitment maneuver using the sustained airway pressure by the CPAP method, applying 30 cmH2O PEEP for 30 seconds followed by a decremental PEEP titration procedure directed by static pulmonary compliance (Cstat). During PEEP titration procedure PEEP will be decreased from 14 cmH2O by 2 cmH2O every 4 minutes, until a final PEEP of 6 cmH2O. Optimal PEEP is considered as a PEEP value resulting the highest possible Cstat measured by ventilator. After PEEP titration procedure a lung protective mechanical ventilation will be performed using optimal PEEP and low tidal volumes (6 mL/Kg IBW).

Treatment:

Procedure: Optimal PEEP

Standard PEEP

Active Comparator group

Description:

Patients submitted to general anesthesia and open radical cystectomy and urinary diversion (20 subjects) will be submitted an alveolar recruitment maneuver using the sustained airway pressure by the CPAP method, applying 30 cmH2O PEEP for 30 seconds followed by a standard lung protective mechanical ventilation using a PEEP value of 6 cmH2O and low tidal volumes (6 mL/Kg).

Treatment:

Procedure: Standard PEEP