Isolating & Exploiting the Mechanisms That Link Breakfast to Human Health - Acute

University of Bath

Status: Completed

Conditions: Postprandial Metabolism; Appetite

Treatments: Other: Carbohydrate rich breakfast; Dietary Supplement: Whey protein enriched breakfast

Study type: Interventional

Funder types: Other

Identifiers

NCT03866720

DC-A

Details and patient eligibility

About

Following the establishment of causal links between breakfast consumption, the individual components of energy balance, and health it is now important to examine and target the underlying biological mechanisms involved to maximise potential health benefits.

To begin investigating the outlined mechanisms healthy, non-obese participants will be recruited to take part in phase I (acute crossover design) of a wider project.

Full description

Causal links between breakfast consumption, the individual components of energy balance, and health have recently been established and it is now important to examine and target the underlying biological mechanisms involved to maximised potential health benefits.

Specifically, the substitution of a portion of carbohydrate for protein at breakfast may enhance the potential health benefits of breakfast through targeting distinct mechanistic pathways. Broadly, introducing a greater protein load at breakfast increases insulin secretion and delays gastric emptying, thereby eliciting a potentiated insulin response. In turn this may therefore improve glucose tolerance during a subsequent meal. Additionally, maintenance of euglycaemia following breakfast consumption, coupled with the thermic effect of feeding protein may accentuate the elevated energy expenditure following breakfast observed in previous studies. Finally, both the physical and chemical properties of protein exert a marked satiating effect. Collectively, these mechanisms could interact to maximise the net impact of breakfast on energy balance and associated health outcomes. However, whilst the evidence indicates obvious benefits of feeding a higher protein dose at breakfast, relatively little research has focused on the response to protein over multiple meals/days. Furthermore, and importantly, the mechanisms involved in the second-meal phenomenon and the potential for initial meals of varied composition to target these mechanisms have never been systematically investigated.

To begin investigating the outlined mechanisms healthy, non-obese participants will be recruited to take part a randomised crossover trial that will contrast the acute metabolic responses to a protein-enriched breakfast, with a carbohydrate rich breakfast, and the total omission of breakfast.

Enrollment: 12 patients

Sex: All

Ages: 18 to 65 years old

Volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Inclusion criteria

• Body mass index 18.5-29.9 kg∙m-2
• Age 18-65 years
• Able and willing to provide informed consent and safely comply with study procedures
• Females to maintain record of regular menstrual cycle phase or contraceptive use
• No anticipated changes in diet/physical activity during the study (e.g. holidays or diet plans)
• Inclusive to all breakfast habits (e.g. regular skipper / consumer)

Exclusion criteria

• Any reported condition or behaviour deemed either to pose undue personal risk to the participant or introduce bias
• Any diagnosed metabolic disease (e.g. type 1 or type 2 diabetes)
• Any reported use of substances which may pose undue personal risk to the participants or introduce bias into the experiment (e.g. smoking/substance abuse)
• Lifestyle not conforming to standard sleep-wake cycle (e.g. shift worker)
• Any reported recent (<6 months) change in body mass (± 3%)

Trial design

Primary purpose: Basic Science

Allocation: Randomized

Interventional model: Crossover Assignment

Masking: Single Blind

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12 participants in 3 patient groups

Carbohydrate rich breakfast

Active Comparator group

Description:

Participants will consume a porridge breakfast that is considered in line with typical carbohydrate consumption for this meal.

Treatment:

Other: Carbohydrate rich breakfast

Whey protein enriched breakfast

Experimental group

Description:

Participants will consume a porridge breakfast that is considered in line with typical carbohydrate consumption for this meal.

Treatment:

Dietary Supplement: Whey protein enriched breakfast

Extended morning fast

No Intervention group

Description:

Participants will extend their overnight fast until the ad libitum lunch is provided.