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Kenya recently adopted new treatment guidelines for pregnant women with HIV, which calls for all women to initiate triple-drug antiretroviral therapy (ART) at or soon after their first visit for antenatal care. As part of this new standard of care to prevent mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT), Kenya also established the Kenya Mentor Mother Program (KMMP) in 2012 to provide guidance for standardizing peer education and psychosocial support services within the national PMTCT program. This new standard of care (life-long ART and the KMMP) will only yield significant improvements in preventing mother to child transmission if women accept the triple-drug treatment during pregnancy and adhere to visit schedules so that they receive uninterrupted supplies of their medications during pregnancy through at least the cessation of breastfeeding. The primary objectives of this study are: (1) to evaluate implementation of the new guidelines in Kenya under actual, real-world conditions in major maternal and child health clinics in the southern Rift Valley region of Kenya; and (2) to evaluate, also under routine program conditions, the benefits of an innovative intervention package designed to improve implementation of the new treatment guidelines. The intervention uses the existing Mentor Mothers, who already are part of the PMTCT program staff at clinics. At the end of each clinic visit, the Mentor Mother will review with patients their treatment plan and schedule their next visit. The Mentor Mother will also offer, at each encounter, to send a text message reminder to the patient for their next clinic visit and offer to set up an automatic reminder directly on the patient's cell phone. The intervention strategy was developed in close collaboration with local health facility and PMTCT program staff based on their prior and on-going experience providing PMTCT services in the region, and this strategy has the potential to dramatically improve PMTCT service delivery and support global goals to eliminate mother to child transmission.
The study is taking place in 12 clinics in the south-rift valley region of Kenya. A total of 360 patients will be enrolled into the study (approximately 30 at each clinic). The investigators are enrolling patients to receive their permission to look at information recorded in their medical records. All patients eligible for the study, who provide written consent, will be included in the study until the target number of 360 is obtained. After consenting, the study will have no further contact with patients. Because the study only reviews information in medical files that clinics already collect as part of routine care, risks to patients are minimal. The only possible risk is the accidental disclosure of HIV status, but the study is designed to minimize such a risk. There are no direct benefits to study participants, as the study is designed to understand existing adherence to PMTCT care and treatment and to improve such adherence. The study is expected to start in 2016 and end in 2019.
Full description
Treatment guidelines for women with HIV during pregnancy and after delivery in resource-constrained settings changed significantly with the WHO 2013 guidelines, which recommended that all pregnant women with HIV should initiate triple-combination ART (Option B). With these guidelines, women previously eligible for life-long ART at initiation should continue for life, while the rest should remain on ART at least through the duration of breastfeeding. A related recommendation was that all pregnant women newly diagnosed with HIV should initiate ART as lifelong treatment. As of 2014, the Kenyan Ministry of Health (MOH) recommends Option B+, which includes the "immediate initiation of life-long ART in pregnant and breastfeeding women upon HIV diagnosis with continuous adherence support" regardless of CD4 count. Throughout this document, the 2014 policy is referred to as standard of care (SOC).
Recognizing the barriers pregnant women newly diagnosed with HIV during antenatal care would face if they were referred elsewhere for HIV care and treatment, in 2005 the South Rift Valley PEPFAR program established a policy to integrate all HIV-related care including ART into PMTCT services provided at the larger MCH clinics within the region. As of 2013, this policy began to be implemented in the 12 largest facilities in the program accounting for more than 85% of women newly diagnosed with HIV during pregnancy in the region.
As part of the standard of care, Kenya also developed the National Guidelines for PMTCT Peer Education and Psychosocial Support in Kenya: The Kenya Mentor Mother Program (KMMP). Mentor Mothers are clinic staff members who are also women living with HIV. They are trained and employed to be part of the clinic's medical team to provide pre-test group education sessions, one-on-one and couples counseling, support groups and defaulter tracing. As part of their routine clinic activities, Mentor Mothers obtain consent from their clients for various forms to follow up, including full consent for both phone and SMS follow up (or only phone follow up, or no follow up) as well as consent for home follow up by her or a community health worker.
Successful implementation of the PMTCT services requires that: (1) pregnant women with HIV initiate life-long ART with minimal delay after their first ANC visit (and women already on ART should continue on ART); (2) they continue on treatment through delivery; (3) they continue on treatment after delivery and the cessation of breastfeeding (and continuing for life for their health); and (4) their child completes HIV testing at 6, 36, and 72 weeks so that they are known to be uninfected after the cessation of breast feeding. Kenya does not yet know if the new policy will lead to better PMTCT outcomes, much less how much better, than under the old policy. Information continues to be lacking in Kenya and elsewhere on the ability of PMTCT programs to initiate pregnant women with HIV on ART during pregnancy and retain them on treatment along the PMTCT cascade of care through delivery, cessation of breastfeeding and for the longer term. This information is largely lacking for the time period when countries implemented prior PMTCT policies (e.g., Option A), and such information does not yet exist for the new policy in Kenya.
What information exists suggests significant room for improvement. For example, a recently published study from a treatment program in western Kenya, with an active outreach department, reported that 32% of women initiated on ART during pregnancy disengaged from treatment before delivery. Although the data for this study were from 2006-2009, they indicate the difficulties with retaining pregnant women on ART during pregnancy. Information on other key outcomes, such as the proportion of those eligible who actually initiated treatment are not reported. Another study from roughly the same region of Kenya during the same time period reported that 38% of women newly diagnosed with HIV during pregnancy did not register in the PMTCT program. In two hospitals between Kericho and Nairobi (Gigil and Naivasha), only 4% of women eligible for ART initiated treatment within six months of their HIV diagnosis.
Some evidence suggests that integration of ART within MCH clinics improves linkage to and initiation of treatment. For example, a study from Zambia found that integration of PMTCT including ART into MCH services increased the percentage of women who initiated PMTCT care (44% compared to 25%) and increased the percentage of those eligible who initiated treatment during pregnancy (32% compared to 4%). While integration improved upon these basic outcomes, more than the majority of patients still did not initiate PMTCT care or initiate ART if eligible. Early evidence on the implementation of life-long ART for pregnant women from Malawi suggests that eliminating CD4 counts as an eligibility criterion might facilitate initiation, but some significant share may still not agree to initiate ART, and retention on treatment during and after delivery may remain problematic without specific attention directed towards these issues.
To support effective implementation of then Kenya PMTCT SOC in the South Rift Valley, other regions of Kenya, and in other resource limited settings, better and up-to-date information remains needed on implementation as currently provided in the study region. And recognizing the importance of both timely initiation and retention on treatment during and after pregnancy, active strategies for retaining patients in care are preferable to after-the-fact follow up to re-engage a patient in care who previously disengaged. Thus, feasible programmatic interventions can support successfully implementation of the SOC and long-term patient care beyond pregnancy.
The study proposed here is designed to fill this information gap and to improve implementation of the Kenyan PMTCT SOC. The investigators will evaluate the impacts and costs of an innovative strategy to improve implementation of the SOC. The strategy, called the Enhanced Mentor Mother ProgrAm (EMMA), provides specific structure to the use of Mentor Mothers within PMTCT programs. The EMMA strategy was developed in collaboration with local health facility and PMTCT program staff based on their experience providing PMTCT services within the integrated ART-MCH facilities. If successful, this approach has the potential to improve dramatically PMTCT service delivery and support global goals to eliminate mother to child transmission. This enhancement to the existing Mentor Mother program is consistent with the KMMP guidelines, which emphasize that "The National Guidelines do not intend to remove the space for creativity and innovation in these approaches. On the contrary, the MOH hopes to inspire ongoing dialogue about quality improvements from the clearly defined starting point outlined herein".
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363 participants in 2 patient groups
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Data sourced from clinicaltrials.gov
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