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The most common symptom that occurs during the menstrual cycle is cramping pain in the lower abdomen. This pain during the menstrual cycle is called dysmenorrhea. It is one of the most common causes of pelvic pain in women. Dysmenorrhea is categorized into two types: primary and secondary. Primary dysmenorrhea manifests as painful cramps during the menstrual period without a pelvic pathology. The pain can radiate to the lower back, pelvis, and upper thigh. Although the etiology of primary dysmenorrhea is not fully known, four main causes have been identified. The etiology of primary dysmenorrhea is endocrine causes, increased prostaglandin levels, increased uterine activity, and psychological causes. Among these factors, increased uterine contractions are thought to be particularly effective in causing the pain. Ischemia in the uterus, which occurs with increased contractions, is among the factors that increase the pain. Primary dysmenorrhea has a prevalence ranging from 45% to 95%. Secondary dysmenorrhea, on the other hand, results from underlying pathological causes such as endometriosis, adenomyosis, uterine fibroids, or pelvic infections. Common symptoms of dysmenorrhea include lower abdominal pain along with headache, numbness, sleep disturbances, depression, vomiting, tender breasts, nausea, diarrhea, and increased urine output.
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Research objective/rational: The menstrual cycle (MCC) is a physiological process lasting 23-35 days, consisting of two main phases: follicular (from menstruation to ovulation) and luteal (from ovulation to menstruation), characterized by regular fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone hormones. During the menstrual period, estrogen and progesterone levels are low, while in the follicular phase, estrogen increases and peaks at ovulation; at this time, the increase in FSH and LH triggers ovulation. In the luteal phase, progesterone levels rise and peak in the mid-luteal phase, while a second increase in estrogen levels is observed. When fertilization does not occur, both hormones rapidly decrease in the premenstrual period. Mood changes along with these hormonal fluctuations; negative mood increases during the premenstrual and menstrual periods, while positive mood increases during the ovulation period. These changes can negatively affect women's physical activities, work performance, social relationships, and quality of life. The literature reports that women lose more workdays due to health reasons compared to men, and one of the important reasons for this is symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle.
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1,200 participants in 3 patient groups
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