Mid-morning Gel Snacks on Subjective Appetite, Glycemic and Insulin Responses, and Food Intake

Toronto Metropolitan University

Status: Completed

Conditions: Satiety; Food Intake

Treatments: Other: Maltodextrin snack; Other: Coconut oil snack; Other: Whey protein snack; Other: Oat snack; Other: Snack skipping; Other: Control snack

Study type: Interventional

Funder types: Other; Industry

Identifiers

NCT03207607

REB2015-405

Details and patient eligibility

About

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mid-morning gel snacks on subjective appetite, glucose and insulin responses, and food intake in healthy weight young adults.

Full description

23 (14 male, 9 female) healthy, non-smoking human subjects aged 18-30 years with a body mass index (BMI) between 20 and 24.9 were recruited in the experiment. Five gel snacks including a control snack and four modified snacks containing whey protein, oats, coconut oil or maltodextrin were tested. On six separate mornings, at least 3 days apart and after a 12 hours overnight fast, each participant consumed a standardized breakfast of cereal, milk, and orange juice at home, then arrived in the lab 2 hours after breakfast to receive one of the five test snack treatments or skip snack. Subjective appetite by a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) was measured at baseline (0 min) and after each treatment up to 2 h (15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min). Blood glucose and insulin concentrations were measured via finger-prick at the same time VAS measurements were taken. Food intake was measured via ad libitum pizza lunch.

Enrollment: 23 patients

Sex: All

Ages: 18 to 30 years old

Volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Inclusion criteria

• be between 18 and 30 years of age
• be healthy, non-smoking and not be taking any medications, including birth control
• body mass index (BMI) between 20 and 24.9

Exclusion criteria

• fasting plasma glucose >5.5 mmol/L
• health problems including previously diagnosed diabetes, known or uncertain pregnancy status at screening, gastrointestinal disease, liver or kidney disease
• major medical or surgical event within the past 6 months
• current or recent dieting
• breakfast skipping
• receiving any medications
• menstrual irregularities
• food sensitivities, allergies, intolerances, or dietary restrictions to foods including: cereal, orange juice, dairy, oat, coconut oil, honey, apple, pineapple, strawberry, and pear
• behavioural or emotional problems
• alcohol consumption >7 beverages/week

Trial design

Primary purpose: Prevention

Allocation: Randomized

Interventional model: Crossover Assignment

Masking: Double Blind

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23 participants in 6 patient groups

Control snack

Experimental group

Description:

Participants received control snacks prepared by real fruits (pear, orange and mango)

Treatment:

Other: Control snack

Maltodextrin snack

Experimental group

Description:

Participants received maltodextrin snacks (maltodextrin + control snack)

Treatment:

Other: Maltodextrin snack

Whey protein snack

Experimental group

Description:

Participants received whey protein snacks (whey protein + control snack)

Treatment:

Other: Whey protein snack

Oat snack

Experimental group

Description:

Participants received oat snacks (oat + maltodextrin + control snack)

Treatment:

Other: Oat snack

Coconut oil snack

Experimental group

Description:

Participants received coconut oil snacks (coconut oil + control snack)

Treatment:

Other: Coconut oil snack

Snack skipping

Experimental group

Description:

Participants received snack skipping

Treatment:

Other: Snack skipping