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Various observational studies have reported an association between influenza vaccination and lower rates of infection with SARS-Cov-2 and less COVID-19 disease severity have been reported in large epidemiological studies in US, Brazil and Italy. Observational studies from the Netherlands showed also strongly reduced COVID-19 infection rates among influenza-vaccinated healthcare workers, with ORs of 0.61 and 0.49 for the first and second wave of COVID-19, respectively. In addition, in-vitro immunological analyses showed that the quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine can induce a trained immunity program against SARS-CoV-2 (2). In-vivo vaccination against influenza was also shown to induce improved interferon responses against SARS-CoV-2, with modulation of hyperinflammatory responses. Trained immunity could be the underlying mechanism for the potential protective effect of influenza vaccine, a mechanism that has also been proven for BCG vaccination, and epidemiological evidence suggests similar non-specific effects of MMR and OPV vaccination. Currently, various clinical trials are being conducted to study the impact of BCG, MMR and OPV vaccination on COVID-19, but prospective clinical data on influenza vaccination are lacking. Although specific COVID-19 vaccines have been developed and are proven effective, there are important reasons for assessing in a controlled randomized trial the effect of influenza and MMR vaccine on COVID19:
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Inclusion criteria
To be eligible to participate in this study, the participant must meet the following criteria:
• Be older than 18 years old. Observation: the elderly is at risk for severe forms of COVID-19, therefore, the evidence in this age group is very relevant. However, they can also be a first priority population to receive a specific vaccine, limiting the time to follow-up on the study. In addition, influenza and MMR vaccines can lead to a lower immune system in the elderly than in young people. Therefore, it is likely that a more rational choice will be to carry out the study in a young population.
Exclusion criteria
Participants will not be included in the study if they present (reported by the research participants):
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638 participants in 3 patient groups, including a placebo group
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Jéssica dos Santos, PhD; Clayson Moura Gomes, PhD
Data sourced from clinicaltrials.gov
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