Optimizing Antitumor Immunity Using Plasmid Electroporation, Pembrolizumab, and Epacadostat

Chase Heaton, MD

Status and phase: Terminated; Phase 2

Conditions: Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Recurrent Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Unresectable Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Treatments: Device: ImmunoPulse; Drug: Epacadostat; Drug: Tavokinogene telseplasmid; Drug: Pembrolizumab; Biological: CORVax

Study type: Interventional

Funder types: Other; Industry

Identifiers

NCT03823131

NCI-2018-02901 (Registry Identifier)

172021

Details and patient eligibility

About

This phase II trial studies how well tavokinogene telseplasmid with electroporation (tavo-EP), pembrolizumab, and epacadostat work in treating patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck that cannot be removed by surgery. Tavokinogene telseplasmid with electroporation is a gene therapy that may delay of tumor growth and which may have less toxicity than other methods of gene delivery. Immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies, such as pembrolizumab, may help the body's immune system attack the cancer, and may interfere with the ability of tumor cells to grow and spread. Epacadostat may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth. Giving tavokinogene telseplasmid with electroporation, pembrolizumab, and epacadostat may work better in treating squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Full description

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:

I. Dose Escalation Safety Lead-Ins: Assess the safety of tavo-EP and pembrolizumab in combination with epacadostat (CTCAE version 4).

II. Dose Expansion: Determine whether the combination therapy in each arm increases the best overall response rate (BORR) compared with historical data for pembrolizumab monotherapy

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

I. Dose Expansion: Determine the durability of clinical benefits in participants treated with combination therapy in each arm, as assessed by time to progression, median progression-free survival (PFS), median overall survival (OS).

EXPLORATORY OBJECTIVES:

I. Determine the effects of combination therapy on treated and untreated lesions by examining paired biopsy specimens for changes in inflammatory gene expression, relative proportion of effector versus regulatory T cells, evaluation of inflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, clonality, and other hallmarks of immune activation.

II. Explore systemic markers of immune activation by examining circulating T-cell populations for changes in the frequency and effector function of short-lived effector cells and memory T cells.

III. Explore changes in functional immune responses using Elispot and other assays.

IV. To explore biomarkers that inform scientific understanding of this therapeutic treatment through analysis of specimens retained for Future Biomedical Research.

OUTLINE:

This is a multi-center, open label, 2-stage, double-arm, clinical trial in which participants in Stage 1 will receive either tavo-EP with pembrolizumab, and epacadostat (Arm A), tavo-EP and pembrolizumab (Arm B), or CORVax, tavo-EP and pembrolizumab (Arm C). Arms B and C will only open to enrollment if the treatment is determined to be effective in Arm A.

Participants will be followed at 3-month intervals for toxicity and radiographic imaging (1) until start of a new anti-cancer treatment, (2) until 30 days after documented disease progression, (3) until death, or (4) until 36 months from the initiation of treatment on study, whichever comes first. Each subject will be followed for overall survival until death, withdrawal of consent, or at the time of study closure, whichever occurs first.

Enrollment: 14 patients

Sex: All

Ages: 18+ years old

Volunteers: No Healthy Volunteers

Inclusion criteria

• Age >= 18 years old.
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0-2.
• Life expectancy of at least 4 months.
• Patients must have histological or cytological diagnosis of cancer originating in the head and neck that is not amenable to surgical resection or locoregional radiation therapy with curative intent.
• At least one accessible lesion (AL) for intratumoral injection. An AL is defined as meeting the following criteria; (1) at least 0.3 cm x 0.3 cm in longest perpendicular diameters (2) in a suitable location for application of electroporation. Tumors invading the carotid artery or at other sites that the investigator believes to be at high risk of life-threatening hemorrhage should not be injected and these lesions may not be used to meet the inclusion criterion for injectable lesions.
• Measurable disease as defined by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) v1.1; at least one lesion where the longest perpendicular diameter is at least 1.0 cm by clinical measurement; or at least 1.0 cm by radiographic imaging for non-nodal lesions; at least 1.5 cm in short axis by radiographic imaging for malignant lymph nodes; If the biopsied lesions were previously irradiated, they must demonstrate either radiographic or pathological evidence of recurrent or residual disease. It is not necessary that this lesion is also an AL.
• If patient has known brain metastases, they must have stable neurologic status following local therapy (surgery or radiation) for at least 4 weeks without the use of steroids or on stable or decreasing dose of <=10 mg daily prednisone (or equivalent), and must be without neurologic dysfunction that would confound the evaluation of neurologic and other adverse events (AEs) (patients with a history of carcinomatous meningitis are not eligible).
• Patients may have had prior chemotherapy or immunotherapy or radiation therapy. Any drug related adverse events identified during prior therapy must be well controlled (typically resolution to =< grade 1, OR resolved upon investigator review prior to initiation of this therapy.
• No systemic antineoplastic therapy may be received by the patient between the time of the biopsy and the first administration of study treatment.
• Patient must agree to any protocol mandated biopsies of tumor (deemed accessible and safe for biopsy by the investigator's assessment) and they must allow acquired tissue to be used for biomarker analysis.
• For women of childbearing potential, negative serum or urine pregnancy test within 14 days of first dose of study drug(s) and use of birth control from 30 days prior to the first study drug administration and 120 days following last administration of study drug, or for participants in Arm C, 180 days after last dose of CORVax, whichever is longer.
• Male patients must be surgically sterile or must agree to use contraception during the study and at least 120 days following the last administration of study drug, or for participants in Arm C, 180 days after last dose of CORVax, whichever is longer.

Exclusion criteria

• Active autoimmune disease that has required systemic treatment in past 2 years. Replacement therapy (e.g., thyroxine, insulin, or physiologic corticosteroid replacement therapy for adrenal or pituitary insufficiency) is not considered a form of systemic treatment.
• Congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association class III to IV)
• History or presence of an abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG) that, in the investigator's opinion, is clinically meaningful. Screening corrected QT (QTc) interval > 480 milliseconds is excluded. In the event that a single QTc is > 480 milliseconds, the subject may enroll if the average QTc for the 3 ECGs is < 480 milliseconds. For subjects with an intraventricular conduction delay (QRS interval > 120 milliseconds), the corrected JT (JTc) interval may be used in place of the QTc with sponsor approval. The JTc must be < 340 milliseconds if JTc is used in place of the QTc. Subjects with left bundle branch block are excluded.
• Uncontrolled or clinically significant conduction abnormalities (e.g., ventricular tachycardia on anti-arrhythmics are excluded), 1st degree atrioventricular (AV) block or asymptomatic left anterior fascicular block (LAFB)/right bundle branch block (RBBB) are eligible.
• Uncontrolled, symptomatic ischemia within 6 months of first dose of study treatment or known myocardial infarction in the previous six months.
• Patients with electronic pacemakers or defibrillators.
• Has history of (non-infectious) pneumonitis/interstitial lung disease that required steroids or has current pneumonitis/interstitial lung disease.
• Any other current or previous malignancy within the past 2 years that, in the opinion of the principal investigator will interfere with study-specific endpoints.
• Evidence of significant active infection (e.g., pneumonia, cellulitis, wound abscess, etc.) requiring systemic therapy at time of study enrollment.
• Hepatitis B: Most nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) patients have been infected with hepatitis B (Cancer Epidemol Biomarkers Prev. 2015. 24:1766-73, N = 711) and, therefore, the inclusion of healthy patients with a history of hepatitis B is a central part of this study. In addition, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibodies have been proven to be safe in patients with active hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (e.g. KEYNOTE 224). However, patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen positive (HBSAg) must have aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and total bilirubin < 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) AND
• Negative HBV ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) OR
• On antivirals for HBV AND at least 8 weeks of prior anti-PD-1 antibody therapy AND no history of AST or total bilirubin levels > 1.5 x ULN due to PD-1 antibody therapy
• Hepatitis C (hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA (qualitative) is detected).
• Presence of a gastrointestinal condition that may affect drug absorption. Administration of epacadostat through a feeding tube is permitted.
• Patients receiving systemic steroid therapy for a chronic inflammatory condition. Topical steroids, nasal and inhaled steroids are permitted. Prednisone or equivalent =< 10 mg/day is permitted as hormone replacement; higher dosage prednisone should be stopped at least 14 days prior to course 1 day 1 (C1D1).
• Receipt of a live vaccine or live attenuated vaccine within 30 days before the first dose of study treatment. Administration of killed vaccines is allowed.
• Subjects receiving monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or drug which has significant MAOI activity (meperidine, linezolid, methylene blue) within the 21 days before screening.
• Any history of serotonin syndrome (SS) after receiving serotonergic drugs.
• Use of any uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9 (UGT1A9) inhibitor from screening through follow-up period, including the following: diclofenac, imipramine, ketoconazole, mefenamic acid, and probenecid.
• Known allergy or reaction to any component of study drug formulation.
• Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) < 1.0 x 10^9/L.
• Platelets < 75 x 10^9/L.
• Hemoglobin < 9 g/dL or < 5.6 mmol/L (transfusion is acceptable to meet this criterion).
• Serum creatinine >= 1.5 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN) OR measured or calculated creatinine clearance [glomerular filtration rate can also be used in place of creatinine or creatinine clearance (CrCl)] < 50 mL/min for subjects with creatinine levels > 1.5 x institutional ULN.
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) > 2.5 x institutional ULN.
• Alkaline phosphatase > 2.5 x ULN. Note: Subjects with 1) bone metastases and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) < 2.5 x ULN may enroll if the alkaline phosphatase is < 5 x ULN.
• Total bilirubin above 1.5 x the institutional ULN AND conjugated bilirubin >= 2.0 x ULN.
• International normalized ratio (INR) or prothrombin time (PT) > 1.5 x ULN.
• Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) > 1.5 x ULN.

Trial design

Primary purpose: Treatment

Allocation: Non-Randomized

Interventional model: Sequential Assignment

Masking: None (Open label)

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14 participants in 3 patient groups

Arm A: Tavo-EP, pembrolizumab, epacadostat

Experimental group

Description:

Tavo-EP will be injected intratumorally on Days 1, 5 and 8 every 6 weeks to up to 7 accessible lesions without exceeding 20 mL per day. Injected lesions will then be electroporated using the ImmunoPulse electroporation device. Pembrolizumab will be administered by a 30 minute IV infusion at a dose of 200 mg every 3 weeks. Epacadostat will be administered at the dose level determined in the dose escalation safety lead-in.

Treatment:

Drug: Pembrolizumab

Drug: Tavokinogene telseplasmid

Drug: Epacadostat

Device: ImmunoPulse

Arm B: Tavo-EP, pembrolizumab

Experimental group

Description:

Tavo-EP will be injected intratumorally on Days 1, 5 and 8 every 6 weeks to up to 7 accessible lesions without exceeding 20 mL per day. Injected lesions will then be electroporated using the ImmunoPulse electroporation device. Pembrolizumab will be administered by a 30 minute IV infusion at a dose of 200 mg every 3 weeks.

Treatment:

Drug: Pembrolizumab

Drug: Tavokinogene telseplasmid

Device: ImmunoPulse

Arm C: Tavo-EP, pembrolizumab, CORVax

Experimental group

Description:

Tavo-EP will be injected intratumorally on Days 1, 5 and 8 every 6 weeks to up to 7 accessible lesions without exceeding 20 mL per day. Injected lesions will then be electroporated using the ImmunoPulse electroporation device. Pembrolizumab will be administered by a 30-minute IV infusion at a dose of 200 mg every 3 weeks. CORVax will be administered at a total dose of 0.2 mg of (S) protein plasmid in 120 microliter (uL) per lesion intratumorally into a maximum of 4 lesions of at least 0.3 mm in diameter for a total plasmid dose of 0.8 mg on treatment days 1 and 29 of cycle 1 followed by electroporation of the plasmid solution in infiltrated regions. On days when both tavo and CORVax is administered to the same lesions, tavo and CORVax will each be injected into the lesion followed by electroporation.

Treatment:

Biological: CORVax

Drug: Pembrolizumab

Drug: Tavokinogene telseplasmid

Device: ImmunoPulse