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Using of Ultra sound in assessment of Placenta Accreta Index to predict the surgical outcomes of Placenta accreta
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Placenta accreta is a substantially life-threatening condition and one of the causes of maternal morbidity and mortality in the world. According to study done in United Kingdom, The estimated incidence of placenta accreta/increta/percreta was 1.7 per 10,000 maternities overall and 577 per 10,000 in women with both a previous caesarean delivery and placenta previa [1]. in a tertiary south Italian center, The incidence increased from 0.12% during the 1970s, to 0.31% during the 2000s [2].While in USA, the prevalence of placenta accreta was 3.7 per 1000 deliveries [3].
This increase is due to many factors. A scar of previous uterine surgery is a major risk factor for placenta accreta. Caesarean section scar is the most common one of uterine scars according to [4] especially in presence of placenta previa where the risk of placenta accreta was 3%, 11%, 40%, 61%, and 67% for the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth or greater repeat cesarean deliveries, respectively. [5] reported that both cesarean delivery morbidity and placenta accreta were positively associated with age >30 years. Previous myomectomy, multi parity, vigorous curettage are other risk factors as said [6]. More ever sub mucous leiomyoma and thermal ablation are also contributing factors to Placenta accreta [7] and lastly [8] said that uterine artery embolization is considered as a risk factor for occurrence of placenta accreta. Contrarily, inter pregnancy interval more than 60 months was associated with decreased risk of placenta accreta [9].
Because placenta accreta can lead to life-threatening blood loss, identification of these high-risk patients would be helpful in management of the pregnancy in addition to enabling the surgeon to be prepared adequately before the time of delivery. Many studies have been done on identification of placenta accreta in the third trimester by 2D ultrasound and color Doppler. There are many modalities for detection of placenta accreta ante natally [10] used 2D ultrasound and color doppler for detection of placenta accreta in 3rd trimester with sensitivity and specificity; 95.24% and 94.74% respectively for ultrasound with the most prominent feature presence of multiple lakes that represented dilated vessels extending from the placenta through the myometrium. For Doppler, the most prominent feature was the presence of interphase hypervascularity with abnormal vessels linking the placenta to the bladder, and the rate was 95.24%.
As for surgery for placenta accreta, planned caesarean hysterectomy is recommended to reduce mortality and morbidity, but fertility is lost. Antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) can ensure multidisciplinary management at center of excellence which can reduce maternal and fetal complications. This can be established by a scoring system which provides a standardized criterion for the diagnosis and management Placenta Accreta Index (PAI).
Instead of adhering to the conventional approach that involves an elective caesarean hysterectomy based on antenatal imaging, more suitable approaches should be considered from the spectrum of hemostatic and fertility-preserving options available. In our study we will investigate if the degree of adherence is related to the PAI score. Therefore, we can predict cases which will need conservative surgery or peripartum hysterectomy. And so that the surgeon be preplanned to do either hysterectomy or conservative surgery
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Arsany Medhat, MBBS
Data sourced from clinicaltrials.gov
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