Protein Quality on Appetite Control, Reward-driven Eating, & Subsequent Food Intake

University of Missouri (MU)

Status: Completed

Conditions: Appetite and General Nutritional Disorders

Treatments: Other: Macronutrient and Fiber Matched BEEF; Other: Serving Size Matched BEEF; Other: Serving Size Matched SOY; Other: Macronutrient and Fiber Matched SOY

Study type: Interventional

Funder types: Other

Identifiers

NCT02285907

UMissouri

Details and patient eligibility

About

To determine whether the consumption of a beef-rich lunch improves appetite control, satiety, and energy intake regulation while reducing food reward and food cravings compared to the consumption of a soy-rich lunch when matched for macronutrients and fiber content or when match for serving size. The mechanisms of action surrounding the differential responses of beef versus soy proteins were also explored.

Full description

A randomized, crossover design, acute study was completed in 21 healthy adults (age 23 ±1 y; BMI: 23.8 ± 0.6 kg/m2) to compare 400 kcal lunch meals varying in protein quality. Two separate comparisons were performed. The first comparison consisted of macronutrient and fiber-matched lunches which varied in protein quality: 24 g beef protein vs. 24 g soy protein. The second comparison matched serving size only: 1 serving of beef (24 g protein with 0 g fiber) vs. 1 serving of soy (14 g protein; 5 g fiber). For each treatment, the participants completed 2 testing days per lunch treatment. During the "Appetite Assessment Days," each participant reported to the lab to consume one of the lunch meals. Pre and 7-h post-lunch appetite and cravings questionnaires were completed throughout each testing day along with plasma, hormonal responses, and plasma amino acid concentrations through repeated blood sampling. Ad libitum dinner energy intake was also measured. During the "Reward Assessment Days," the participants reported to our facility to again consume one of the lunch meals. Pre and post-lunch neural responses to food stimuli, through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), occurred followed by ad libitum consumption of a lunch dessert.

Enrollment: 21 patients

Sex: All

Ages: 18 to 30 years old

Volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Inclusion criteria

• Age range 18-30 y
• Normal to Overweight (BMI: 18-29.9 kg/m2)
• No metabolic, psychological, or neurological diseases/conditions
• Not currently/previously on a weight loss or other special diet (in the past 6 months)
• Not a vegetarian
• Right-handed (necessary for the fMRI analyses)
• Not pregnant
• Meets the MU-Brain Imaging Center Screening Criteria
• Have not given blood (for the American Red Cross in the past 6 months)

Exclusion criteria

• Age >30 y and <18y
• Under Weight or Obese (BMI: <18 kg/m2 or >29.9 kg/m2)
• Clinically diagnosed with diabetes (Type I or Type II), having an eating disorder, or having any other metabolic, psychological, or neurological diseases/conditions that would influence the study outcomes.
• Currently/previously on a weight loss or other special diet (in the past 6 months)
• Left-handed
• Claustrophobic (≥ 2 past bouts of claustrophobia when exposure to small spaces)
• Do not meet the fMRI criteria established by the MU-BIC (regarding metal implants, etc.)
• Pregnant
• Does not meeting the MU-Brain Imaging Center screening criteria
• Have given blood (for the American Red Cross) in the past 6 months or plan to give blood in the following 6 months

Trial design

Primary purpose: Other

Allocation: Randomized

Interventional model: Crossover Assignment

Masking: Triple Blind

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21 participants in 4 patient groups

Macronutrient and Fiber Matched BEEF

Experimental group

Description:

The participants will consume the macronutrient and fiber matched BEEF lunch on a single testing day. BEEF contained 33% protein, 43% CHO, and 24% fat; the BEEF meal contained 24 g of beef protein from 96% lean ground beef (Cargill, KS). Soy fiber (Nutritional Designs, NY) was added to the BEEF meal to match total final content between meals.The participants will consume the serving size matched BEEF lunch on a single testing day. BEEF contained 33% protein, 43% CHO, and 24% fat; the BEEF meal contained 24 g of beef protein from 96% lean ground beef patty (Cargill, KS).

Treatment:

Other: Macronutrient and Fiber Matched BEEF

Macronutrient and Fiber Matched SOY

Experimental group

Description:

The participants will consume the macronutrient and fiber matched SOY lunch on a single testing day. SOY contained 33% protein, 43% CHO, and 24% fat; the SOY meal contained 24 g of textured soy protein concentrate (Boca Foods, WI).

Treatment:

Other: Macronutrient and Fiber Matched SOY

Serving Size Matched BEEF

Experimental group

Description:

The participants will consume the serving size matched BEEF lunch on a single testing day. BEEF contained 33% protein, 43% CHO, and 24% fat; the BEEF meal contained 24 g of beef protein from 96% lean ground beef patty (Cargill, KS).

Treatment:

Other: Serving Size Matched BEEF

Serving Size Matched SOY

Experimental group

Description:

The participants will consume the serving size matched SOY lunch on a single testing day. SOY contained 24% protein, 49% CHO, and 24% fat; the SOY meal contained 14 g of textured soy protein concentrate (Boca Foods, WI).

Treatment:

Other: Serving Size Matched SOY