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We propose to evaluate the community-level impact of intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) for malaria in schoolchildren on clinical outcomes and malaria transmission, using a cluster-randomised design in Jinja, Uganda. Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) will be administered to schoolchildren monthly for up to six rounds of treatment during one school year. Outcomes will be measured using surveys of communities, schoolchildren, and mosquito vectors. Our proposal also includes health service research to evaluate the potential feasibility of taking the programme to scale, which will guide future research and implementation of the intervention, and help shape policies in Uganda and elsewhere in Africa.
Full description
Study objective: The primary objective of the study is to evaluate the impact of IPT for malaria in schoolchildren using monthly DP, as compared with the current standard of care (no IPT), on community-level indicators of malaria transmission. We will test the hypothesis that malaria transmission, as measured by the prevalence of asexual parasitaemia and the entomological inoculation rate (EIR), will be lower in communities surrounding the intervention schools, than those surrounding the control schools.
Study site: The study will be conducted in Jinja district, Uganda.
Clusters: A cluster will be defined as one primary day school plus the 100 closest households surrounding the school. The clusters will be defined prior to randomisation using digitally enumerated maps. We plan to include approximately 84 clusters in the study, with one school per cluster; half will be randomised to the IPT intervention, and half to control.
Randomisation: Randomisation will be conducted by the trial statistician, who is not directly involved in the field activities. Primary schools will be stratified by type of ownership (public vs private). Restricted randomisation will be employed to ensure balance on type of school and geographical location.
Study population: The intervention will be delivered to children attending participating primary schools that are randomised to the intervention group.
The IPT intervention: IPT with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) will be delivered to all schools located in the intervention clusters. Treatment will be administered to participating students monthly, for up to 6 rounds of IPT during one school year, and will not be blinded.
Administration of DP: All enrolled students will receive DP (Duo-cotexcin, Holley Cotec Pharmaceuticals) given once a day for 3 consecutive days. DP will be dosed according to weight-based guidelines. Full-strength DP tablets (40/320mg) will be administered orally by study personnel, and all treatments will be directly observed.
Evaluation procedures: Outcomes will be measured through surveys of communities, schoolchildren, and mosquito vectors. In addition, the safety of IPT with monthly DP, and the potential feasibility of the IPT intervention will also be assessed.
Analytical plan
Quantitative surveys: All data will be analysed on the basis of intention-to-treat, that is, community residents and school children taking part in the final surveys will be classified as participating in the intervention or control according to the randomization assignment of the cluster they were surveyed in, regardless of whether they (or their children) received the intervention or not. The primary outcome is prevalence of asexual parasitaemia in the community surveys. Prevalence of asexual parasitaemia in the school surveys and EIR are secondary outcome measures. An individual-level approach to the analysis will be used due to the large number of clusters per arm.
For binary outcomes, generalised linear Poisson models with log link function will be used. The effect of the intervention will be quantified by calculation of a prevalence risk ratio. For quantitative outcomes, linear regression models will be used. The effect of the intervention will be quantified by calculation of difference in mean outcome. Rate ratios will be used to describe the effect of the intervention on rates. An estimate of the coefficient of variation, k, will be provided overall and for the community survey for each age group (as defined by the stratified sampling).
The probability of selection for the final community survey was related to the sampling frame which was determined by the expected parasite prevalence (which varies by age) in age categories; < 5 years, 5-15 years, > 15 years. Therefore, the age structure of the study population is not representative of the community population as a whole. Because we are looking at the community effect we will use inverse probability weights based on the age population structure of all clusters as recorded by the census survey. In practice, each individual will be assigned one of three weights, generated using the census survey, and based on their age as recorded at the final community survey. Population estimates of prevalence will be obtained using svy commands with the cluster as the primary sampling unit and age-related inverse probability weights. Children selected for the school survey were randomly selected after stratification by class. Households selected for the entomological survey were also randomly selected. No weighting is therefore required for the analysis of either the school or entomological surveys.
The effect of the intervention will also be assessed using adjusted analyses. The cluster-specific prevalence or mean from the baseline survey will be adjusted for where available. Variables collected in the baseline community survey, which were imbalanced between trial arms, and likely to be prognostic for outcomes will be adjusted for. Secondary analyses will be conducted to assess whether the effect of the intervention differs by age group or school type. The effect of the intervention for each outcome will be examined by age group or school type and tests for interaction conducted.
Qualitative data: The data analysis of the field notes and in-depth interviews will follow a bottom-up approach, identifying repeating patterns in the data. Field notes will be coded on a daily basis using qualitative data analysis software, NVivo (QSR International, Cambridge, MA). Transcripts will be coded line-by-line, and then later developing themes and theoretical constructs by grouping the base coding together. A coding template will be developed and refined. Following the coding process, themes and theoretical constructs will be developed from both the field notes and the interview transcripts, and the analysis will be conducted with reference to the literature and theory regarding school-based and cross-sectoral interventions. Following this analysis, the interpretation will take on an applied stance, to seek out specific challenges and opportunities for methods and content of interventions to support implementation of IPT.
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10,746 participants in 2 patient groups
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Data sourced from clinicaltrials.gov
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