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Despite many regional anesthetic techniques have been described for anesthesia of the brachial plexus which is responsible for the sensory and motor innervation of entire upper limb, still, supraclavicular block (SCB) is the regional anesthetic technique of choice.
SCB has been described as the spinal anesthesia of the upper limb as it offers dense anesthesia of the brachial plexus for the surgical procedures below the arm from elbow to hand. Although the SCB has a high incidence of complications like pneumothorax, the use of ultrasound-guided block improved the safety for the patient. There are several adjuvants have been added to SCB aiming for prolongation of the duration of peripheral nerve block as fentanyl, alpha 2 adrenergic agonist (Dexmedetomidine, Clonidine), tramadol, ketorolac and Magnesium sulfate.
Magnesium has anti-nociceptive effects in animal and human models, principally related to blocking the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and regulation of calcium influx into cells. Calcium influx leads to a sequence of central sensitization such as windup phenomenon and long term potentiation which are crucial mechanisms that determine the duration and intensity of post-operative pain. Magnesium prevents central sensitization triggered by peripheral nociceptive stimulation in response to painful stimuli.
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory drugs (NSAID) inhibit synthesis of prostaglandins from arachnoid acid in phospholipid membranes resulting in decreased afferent nociceptive signals from the site of surgery. There are a lot of studies supported the analgesic effect when NSAIDs are concentrated at a peripheral site compared to the systemic administration therapy. Ketorolac is a parenteral NSAIDs. Studies have shown that ketorolac as an adjuvant to local anesthetics during peripheral nerve block enhanced duration and quality of analgesia.
Full description
Eighty adult patients scheduled for upper limb surgeries from elbow to hand will be enrolled in the study after obtaining approval of the local institutional ethics committee and local institutional review board at Fayoum University Hospital. A detailed informed consent will be signed by the eligible participants before recruitment and randomization.
80 patients will be chosen to receive either Mg (group M, n=40) or ketorolac (group K, n=40) randomly by a computer-generated table. The randomization sequence will be concealed in opaque sealed envelopes. The envelopes will be opened by the study investigator just after recruitments and admission to the operation room. Only participants and care providers will be blinded to the group allocations. The consolidated standards of reporting trials (CONSORT) recommendations for reporting randomized, controlled clinical trials will be followed.
Patient preoperative preparations:
Preoperative investigations will be done according to the local protocol designed to evaluate the patients. It will include complete blood count, blood sugar level, serum urea and creatinine, liver function tests, coagulation profile, and ECG.
Before surgery, the participants will receive education about the (NRS) from (0-10 mm) (where 0=no pain and 10 = worst comprehensible pain) and the details of the nerve block procedures.
After a 6h fasting, the patients will be taken to the operating theatre.
Anesthetic technique:
A (20G) IV catheter will be placed in the UL opposite the surgical site after the arrival of the patient to the operating room. IV premedication will be administered to all patients (midazolam 0.02mg/kg and fentanyl 50mcg/dose). Supplemental oxygen (nasal cannula at 2L/min), and standard ASA monitoring (5-lead ECG, NIBP, and pulse oximetry) will be applied throughout the procedure.
Block technique
For the ultrasound-guided SCB, the patients will be placed in a supine position and the head turned slightly to the opposite side of their block. The injured hand will be put on the patient's abdomen and the shoulder will be moved downward as much as possible. The supraclavicular area will be cleaned using an antiseptic iodine solution and draped. Once the skin will be appropriately cleaned and prepared with anti-septic, the high-frequency linear array transducer will be placed over the supraclavicular area. After infiltration of the site by a local anesthetic, a sterile 22 gauge, 50 mm echogenic needle under ultrasound guidance will be inserted and after reaching the tip of the needle near the subclavian artery around the brachial plexus, the solution will be injected and the spread of the drug will be visualized. 25 ml of bupivacaine 0.5% + 6ml of magnesium sulfate 10% will be injected to group M and 25ml of bupivacaine 0.5% + 2ml of ketorolac 30mg + 4ml normal saline will injected to group K. The continuous aspiration and injection will be taken to avoid intravascular injection. After performing the block on the patients, hemodynamic parameters and all complications related to SCB (pneumothorax, hematoma, hypotension, bradycardia, etc.) will be recorded. After ensuring adequate anesthetic effect of the block, the surgery was started.
Assessment of sensory and motor blockade:
The extent of motor and sensory blockade will be evaluated by an anesthesiologist who will not be involved in the SCB 30 minutes. after local anesthetic administration. Using an alcohol swab, the sensory blockade will be tested by pin prick test using a 3- point scale:
Grade 0: normal sensation. Grade 1: decreased pain sensation to pinprick. Grade 2: loss of pain sensation to pinprick in the median, ulnar, radial and musculocutaneous nerve locations.
And it will be tested every 5 minutes for 30 minutes.
Motor blockade will be assessed by using (modified bromage) 3-point scale:
Grade 0: Normal motor function. Grade 1: Decreased motor strength with ability to move fingers only. Grade 2: Complete motor block. And it will be tested every 5 minutes for 30 minutes. When the operation was over, NRS score will be measured at 0, 1, 4, 8, 12, 24 hours.
Post-operative care:
Patients will be transferred to post-anesthetic care unit (PACU) for 2 hours. Then the patients will be discharged from the PACU.
Patient will receive analgesic according to the local institutional protocol as the following (Diclofenac sodium 75mg and paracetamol 1 gram by intravenous infusion over 30 minute.) as a component of multimodal anesthesia regimen for postoperative pain control.
Post-operative pain will be rated on (NRS) from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain) at 1hr at PACU then at 4,8,12 and 24 hours postoperatively.
Patients with NRS>5 will receive morphine sulfate IV at a bolus dose of 2-5 mg increments with maximum dose of 20 mg at 4hours or 40mg at 24 hours. The morphine titration protocol will be suspended with Oxygen saturation < 95%; Respiratory rate < 10 / minute; the development of sedation (Ramsay sedation scale >2); development of acute adverse effects (allergy, marked itching, excessive vomiting, and hypotension with systolic blood pressure less than 20% of baseline values); or attaining adequate level of analgesia.
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80 participants in 2 patient groups
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