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Cystoscopy is one of the most commonly performed urologic procedures to examine the anatomy and evaluate pathologies of the lower urinary tract. Although cystoscopy is a safe procedure with a low risk of morbidity, it can often cause pain, anxiety and restlessness in patients. This study aims to determine the effects of classical hand massage, lavender inhalation and lavender hand massage applied to patients undergoing cystoscopy on the patient's anxiety, pain and comfort. The population of the study will consist of patients who underwent cystoscopy between July 2024 and April 2025. Data will be obtained with the Patient Identification Form, Vital Signs Follow-up Form, State Anxiety Scale, Numerical Pain Scale and Numerical Comfort Scale. The research will be conducted in three stages: before, during and after the cystoscopy procedure. In the pre-cystoscopy period, patients who meet the study inclusion criteria will be informed about the procedure and verbal and written permissions will be obtained. Randomization will be performed according to the order of application and the patients will be divided into four groups as the classical hand massage group, the lavender inhalation group, the lavender hand massage group and the control group. The Patient Identification Form will be filled in and the scales will be introduced. The vital signs of the patients in the intervention groups will be assessed half an hour before the procedure and the State Anxiety Scale will be filled in. In addition, a ten-minute application will be performed before the procedure and their vital signs and the State Anxiety Scale will be assessed five minutes after the procedure. During the cystoscopy period, after the patients in the intervention group are taken to the cystoscopy table and lidocaine gel is applied, their vital signs and pain levels will be assessed during the passage of the cystoscopy instrument from the urethra to the bladder. A ten-minute application will be performed during the procedure in the intervention groups and their vital signs and pain will be assessed immediately after the cystoscopy is completed. In the post-procedure period, half an hour after the cystoscopy procedure, the vital signs of the patients will be measured again, and the Numerical Pain Scale and Numerical Comfort Scale will be filled. The same data will be collected from the patients in the control group without any application.
Full description
Cystoscopy is one of the most commonly performed urological procedures to evaluate lower urinary tract symptoms such as hematuria and urinary incontinence as well as various pathologies of the urethra, prostate and bladder and to examine the anatomy of the lower urinary tract. Although cystoscopy is a safe procedure with a low risk of morbidity, it is invasive and can be associated with pain and anxiety. Cystoscopy is performed after a standard physical examination, disinfection of the external genital organs and instillation of some kind of lubricant into the urethra. In the majority of cases, general anesthesia is not required and it is performed under sedation or local anesthesia.However, some studies have shown that many patients report that they still feel pain during the procedure, although not at an uncomfortable level and for different reasons. Male patients are reported to experience more pain with rigid cystoscopy, first-time cystoscopies and cystoscopies to investigate lower urinary tract symptoms. Although cystoscopy is generally well tolerated, some patients describe the pain associated with the procedure as "excruciating".
Cystoscopy can often cause anxiety and discomfort. Especially in conscious patients, direct exposure to various stimuli during cystoscopy increases anxiety. Pain and anxiety associated with cystoscopy can activate the sympathetic nervous system, resulting in a variety of physiologic responses, including increased cardiac output, elevated blood glucose levels, peripheral vascular contraction, and elevated blood pressure.Often acute pain causes anxiety, which increases fear of pain and depression, sleep disturbances, and interferes with concentration and cognition. Anxiety about pain causes individuals to avoid the stimulus and overreact to the accompanying body sensations. Ensuring the comfort of patients before, during and after the cystoscopy procedure is necessary and important for the quality of care. Patients may experience discomfort and restlessness due to anxiety and stress. More than half of patients undergoing cystoscopy report moderate to severe discomfort, which is a significant problem for patients undergoing the procedure. It has also been found that men experience more discomfort than women.
There are various strategies to reduce anxiety and pain, including pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic methods. Although lidocaine lubricants, pain medications or flexible cystoscopy can be used to alleviate pain and anxiety during cystoscopy, the procedure still causes discomfort. Therefore, non-pharmacologic methods are needed to reduce pain and anxiety during the procedure and increase patient comfort and satisfaction. Non-pharmacological methods include aromatherapy, massage therapy, music therapy, hand holding, etc., which can be used alone or in combination with other methods. The advantages of these non-pharmacologic methods are that they are inexpensive, non-invasive, easy to apply and do not have chemical side effects.When the studies evaluating nursing care for the negative situations experienced by patients during cystoscopy were examined, it was found that listening to music during the procedure reduced patients' feelings of anxiety, pain, discomfort and dissatisfaction. There are also studies showing that the use of a virtual reality application during cystoscopy shortens the procedure time and reduces pain and discomfort. Hand holding during cystoscopy has also been shown to reduce patients' anxiety, pain and dissatisfaction. A study showed that watching relaxing videos during the procedure decreased pain, anxiety and hemodynamic parameters of female patients and increased their satisfaction levels. In another study conducted on women undergoing cystoscopy, it was determined that when patients' emotional, physical and informational needs were met, when they actively participated in their health care, when they had a say in their care, their fear of the unknown decreased and patient satisfaction increased.
In this study, the effect of classical hand massage, lavender inhalation and hand massage with lavender on reducing the anxiety of the patients before the cystoscopy procedure and the effect of the interventions during the procedure on reducing pain and increasing comfort will be evaluated. When the literature was examined, it was found that non-pharmacologic interventions applied during cystoscopy included distraction methods such as listening to music, virtual reality, watching relaxing videos, and squeezing a stress ball. There is no study showing whether classical hand massage, lavender inhalation and hand massage with lavender are effective in affecting the patient's anxiety, pain and comfort in patients undergoing cystoscopy. This study will be a first in this context. If the interventions applied to the intervention group are found to be effective, they can be recommended as methods that can be used routinely before and during the cystoscopy procedure. With this study, it is aimed to reduce the level of anxiety before cystoscopy procedure, to reduce pain during and after the procedure and to contribute to increase comfort.
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144 participants in 4 patient groups
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