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Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain syndrome characterized by impaired perception, transmission, and processing of nociceptive stimuli and causing widespread pain. Pain in FM is the disease itself and is characterized by nociplastic pain that may occur independently of any peripheral nociceptor activity or be felt without disease or damage to the somatosensory system. It is thought that the pain processing process is disrupted due to the changing neurotransmitter release activity and this situation causes pain to be felt more in FM. Chronic pain is the result of perception alteration associated with nociceptive afferent information affecting the cortex; underlying this change are limbic emotional learning mechanisms. Numerous factors, including emotional state, attention, and past painful experiences, modulate nociceptive inputs with the activation of multiple brain regions, resulting in a personalized pain experience. The chronic pain management program should target the central nervous system rather than the peripheral tissues because pain originates in the sensitized nervous system. For this reason, it is important to include plasticity-oriented approaches, cortical disinhibition methods, and strategies for improving perception and behavior change, which aim to replace negative beliefs with positive beliefs, into clinical practice. Our project aims to investigate the effectiveness of the therapeutic intervention, which consists of patient education supported Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP), visual feedback and metaphor-assisted breathing therapy designed to provide a perception of improvement and presented in a virtual reality environment, on pain processing, pain intensity, pain-pressure threshold, psychosomatic reflections (biomechanical and viscoelastic properties of tissue, sleep quality, pain catastrophizing behavior, anxiety and depression), disease impact and quality of life in FM patients.
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Inclusion criteria
Diagnosed with Fibromyalgia at least 1 year ago according to ACR criteria
Age range 25-55
Female
Scored at least 24 on the Mini-Mental State Assessment Test
Reported weekly pain intensity of at least 40 mm on the Visual Analog Scale
Be on a stable dose of medication for at least 6 months (serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors [e.g., duloxetine, milnacipran]; alpha 2-delta receptor ligand [e.g., pregabalin]; gabapentinoids)
Exclusion criteria
Having inflammatory rheumatic disease, malignancy, neurological disease, connective tissue disease, severe anemia, uncontrolled endocrine diseases
Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 30 Kg/m2
Being pregnant
Having inability to understand, read and speak Turkish
Having difficulty in hearing and seeing
Having any metallic or electronic device in the body that will create incompatibility with the magnetic field in the fMRI scan Having any disease diagnosis (serious psychotic disorder, delirium, mental retardation, epilepsy, heart disease, lung diseases, etc.) that may prevent participation in the evaluation and training to be conducted within the scope of the research
Primary purpose
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Interventional model
Masking
39 participants in 3 patient groups
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Central trial contact
Tansu Birinci Olgun, PhD; nilüfer Kablan, PhD
Data sourced from clinicaltrials.gov
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