Using Virtual Reality to Train Children in Pedestrian Safety

The University of Alabama at Birmingham

Status and phase: Completed; Phase 3

Conditions: Street-crossing Ability; Pedestrian Safety

Treatments: Device: computer and video; Device: virtual pedestrian environment; Behavioral: streetside training

Study type: Interventional

Funder types: Other; NIH

Identifiers

NCT00850759

F080715010

R01HD058573-01A1 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)

Details and patient eligibility

About

Pedestrian injuries are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in American children ages 7-8, but existing behavior-oriented interventions achieve only modest success. One limitation to existing interventions is that they fail to provide children with the repeated practice needed to develop the complex perceptual and cognitive skills required for safe pedestrian activity.

Virtual reality (VR) offers a highly promising technique to train children in pedestrian safety skills. VR permits repeated unsupervised practice without risk of injury; automated feedback to children on success or failure in crossings; adjustment of traffic density and speed to match children's skill level; and an appealing and fun environment for training. The proposed research is designed to test the efficacy of virtual reality as a tool to train child pedestrians in safe street-crossing behavior.

A randomized controlled trial will be conducted with four equal-sized groups of children ages 7-8 (total N = 240). One group will receive training in an interactive and immersive virtual pedestrian environment. The virtual environment, already developed, has been demonstrated to have face, construct, and convergent validity. The second group will receive pedestrian safety training via video and computer strategies that are most widely used in American schools today. The third group will receive what is judged to be the most efficacious treatment currently available, individualized behavioral training at streetside locations. The fourth and final group will serve as a no-contact control group. All participants in all groups will be exposed to a range of field- and laboratory-based measures of pedestrian skill during baseline and post-intervention visits, as well as during a six-month follow-up assessment. Primary analyses will be conducted through linear mixed models designed to test change over time in the four intervention groups. We hypothesize all children in active learning groups will increase pedestrian safety skills, but the largest increase will be among children in the virtual reality group.

Enrollment: 240 patients

Sex: All

Ages: 7 to 8 years old

Volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Inclusion criteria

• 7 and 8 year old children living in Birmingham, Alabama, area

Exclusion criteria

• family plans to move within 6 months of recruitment
• visual or perceptual impairment (e.g., blindness) that are uncorrected and would prevent valid participation in protocol
• physical impairment (e.g., use of wheelchair) that would prevent valid participation in protocol
• cognitive impairment (e.g., moderate mental retardation) that would prevent valid participation in protocol

Trial design

Primary purpose: Prevention

Allocation: Randomized

Interventional model: Parallel Assignment

Masking: None (Open label)

---

240 participants in 4 patient groups

virtual reality

Experimental group

Description:

street-crossing training in a virtual pedestrian environment

Treatment:

Device: virtual pedestrian environment

computer and video

Active Comparator group

Description:

exposure to training in pedestrian safety via computer software, internet games, and television videos

Treatment:

Device: computer and video

streetside training

Active Comparator group

Description:

one-on-one training in street-crossing skills by an adult, at a streetside location

Treatment:

Behavioral: streetside training

no-contact control

No Intervention group

Description:

no-contact control group.